^Twentieth (Century 



SENFTNER 




Class lEA^Ol 
Book._ J S^C__ 
Copyright^? 



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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT; 



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THE 



TWENTIETH CENTURY 
LATIN-BOOK 



FOR 



REGENTS' SCHOOLS, HIGH SCHOOLS 
AND ACADEMIES 



BY 



ALEXIS E. SENFTNER, A.M., B.D. 
ROBERT E. h C. SENFTNER, Ph.B. 
HERMAN F. SENFTNER, A.B..M.D. 



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CLINTON HALL, i 3 ASTOR PLACE 
New York, N. Y. 



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Copyright, 1903, 

BY 

ALEXIS E. SENFTNER, ROBERT E. C. SENFTNER 

AND 

HERMAN F. SENFTNER. 



All Rights Reserved. 



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PREFACE. 

In submitting The Twentieth Century Latin-Book to the 
attention of the public, the aim of the authors has been to edit a 
work of practical utility, representative of the latest and most 
approved methods of teaching the first year of Latin. 

This text book is the outcome of fifteen years of practical 
experience in teaching Latin. ' During these fifteen years the 
authors have prepared nearly three thousand students for the 
entrance examinations in Latin held by the various Universities 
— -Columbia, Harvard, Yale, Princeton, New York University, 
etc., — and for the examinations in Latin held under the auspices 
of the Regents of the University of the State of New York. 

The time intervening between the completion of a course in 
English Grammar and the beginning of a course in Latin has 
made it desirable to incorporate in the book a brief summary of 
the essentials of English Grammar necessary to the study of the 
first year of Latin. This feature of the book will prove to be of 
value to the student. 

As a beginner's progress is measured by the rapidity with 
which he acquires a sufficiently large vocabulary, and also by 
the facility with which he is able to analyze sentence-con- 
struction, a large and varied vocabulary has been used through- 
out the book, together with sentences calling for a generous use 
of these vocabularies. 

The vocabularies, as well as the sentences based thereon, have 
been made to conform as closely as possible to the text of 
Caesar. 

For the convenience of the teacher and for the further improve- 
ment of the student, many review exercises both on vocabulary 
and sentence-construction have been inserted. 

It is well known to teachers that the third declension presents 
many difficulties to the student. For this reason, the authors 
have given unusual time and care to its presentation and 
arrangement. The manner in which nouns of the third declen- 
sion may change from the nominative to the genitive case is 



PREFACE 

shown in tabular form (page 70). With this table as a basis, 
the declension of the nouns is given in four groups according 
to their nominative endings (pages 72, 76, 80, 84). The 
vocabularies of third-declension nouns are systematically 
arranged so that each group contains only those nouns which 
are declined in a similar manner. 

Each conjugation, regular or irregular, is followed by two 
pages of practice on verb forms. This will be especially helpful 
to the teacher. In connection with each of the five regular 
conjugations, there is also one page giving a list of the most 
important verbs of that conjugation, together with their principal 
parts. 

A list of the prepositions has been inserted at an early stage 
of the book to enable the student to handle a greater variety 
of sentences and to make more frequent use of the different 
cases. 

Furthermore, for the saving of time and for easier reference 
the rules of syntactical construction have been grouped together 
under one head (page 32). and throughout the book will be 
found special exercises based on some one or other of these rules. 

The chief uses of the subjunctive mood have been tabulated 
and have been made the basis for the practice work on the 
subjunctive mood. 

The index at the end of the book has been drawn up as com- 
pletely as possible, and will serve as a ready reference to any 
and all parts of the book. 

In conclusion, attention is directed to the series of questions 
placed toward the end of the book. The authors believe that 
these questions will prove an excellent test of the student's 
progress from time to time. 

The Authors. 

New York, June 25, 1903. 



CONTENTS. 

pa<;k 

English Grammar i-v 

Introduction 1-6 

First Declension (feminine nouns) 7-11 

Second Declension (nouns in us and urn) 12-15 

Second Declension (nouns in er) 16-19 

Adjectives (First and Second Declension) 20-21 

First Declension (masculine nouns) 22 

The Verb Sum „ 23-27 

Prepositions 28-29 

Review Vocabularies, 30-31 

Rules of Syntax 32-39 

Introduction to the Verbs 40-41 

First Conjugation 42-53 

Second Conjugation 54-65 

Review Vocabularies 66-67 

Third Declension (nouns) 68-87 

Review Vocabularies 88-89 

Third Declension (adjectives) 90-93 

Third Conjugation 94_105 

Fourth Conjugation 106-115 

Fourth Declension 116-117 

Fifth Declension 118-119 

Third Conjugation (io verbs) 120-129 

Review Vocabularies 130-131 

Irregular Adjectives 132-133 



CONTENTS. 



Comparison of Adjectives 134-136 

Formation and Comparison of Adverbs 137-139 

Pronouns, personal 140-141 

possessive 142-143 

sui, ipse, hie 144-145 

!' iste, ille, is 146-147 

rel., interrog., indef 148-149 

Deponent Verbs = 150-153 

Numerals 154-156 

Review Vocabularies 157-158 

The Verb Fero 159-163 

The Verbs Eo .and Fio 164-167 

The Infinitive 168-169 

Volo, Nolo, Malo 170-173 

Possum, Prosum 174-179 

Participles 180-181 

Ablative Absolute 182-183 

The Gerund and the Gerundive 184-185 

The Periphrastic Conjugations 186-187 

Impersonal Verbs 188-189 

Review Vocabularies 190-191 

The Supines 192 

The Subjunctive Mood 193-206 

Selections for Translation . . : 207-214 

Questions : 215-228 

Vocabularies 229-288 

Index 289-296 



A Brief Review of the Essentials of 
Elementary English Grammar Nec- 
essary to the Study of the First 
Year of Latin. 

There are Eight Parts of Speech : 

1. Nouns. 5. Adverbs. 

2. Pronouns. 6. Prepositions. 

3. Adjectives. 7. Conjunctions. 

4. Verbs. S. Interjections. 

NOUNS. 

A noun is a word used as the name of something : tree, 
book, house, Henry, apples. 
A noun may be of the 

1 . Singular number : tree, book, etc. 
or Plural number: trees, books, etc. 

2. Masculine gender : boy, James, etc. 
or Feminine gender: girl, Edith, etc. 
or Neuter gender: tabic, book, etc. 

A noun may be used : 

1. As the Subject of a verb: 
The boy has a book. 

2. As the Direct Object of a verb: 
The man struck the boy. 

3. As the Indirect Object of a verb: 
The man gives [to] the girl an apple. 

4. After a preposition : 

The boy placed the book upon the table. 



11 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

PRONOUNS. 

A Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun: /, he, 

we, you, etc. 

PRONOUNS HAVE THE SAME USES AS NOUNS. 

Pronouns are divided into five classes : 

1. Personal — /, thou, he, we, you, they, etc. 

2. Demonstrative — this, that, these, those, etc. 

3. Relative — who, which, what, that. 

4. Interrogative — who? which? what? 

5. Indefinite — anyone, someone, each, etc. 

ADJECTIVES. 

An Adjective is a word used to limit or to qualify the 
meaning of a noun or pronoun : 
A beautiful horse. 

An adjective has three degrees of comparison. 

Positive Comparative Superlative 

rich richer richest 

old older oldest 

VERBS. 

A Verb is a word that denotes " to be," ' to act," or 
" to be acted upon." 

to be — / am, I was, etc. 

to act — / strike, I eat, etc. 

to be acted upon — I was thrown, etc. 

Verbs are classified as follows : 

1 . Active Transitive. 3. Passive. 

2. Active Intransitive. 4, Neuter. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR 111 

An Active Transitive Verb is a verb whose action passes 
over from the subject to the object. The man struck 
the boy. 

An Active Intransitive Verb is a verb whose action does 
not pass over from the subject to an object. The man 
laughed. 

A Passive Verb is a verb whose action passes back upon 
the subject. The boy is taught by the teacher. 

A Neuter Verb is a verb which expresses simply 
" being." / am , thou art, he is, etc. 

To express various relations of condition, time and 
person, a verb is inflected. 

A Verb has mood, tense, voice, number and person. 

Moods : 

The Indicative mood states a fact. 

The boy buys a large book. 

The Subjunctive mood expresses doubt. 

// the boy bought a large book, etc. 

The Imperative mood expresses command: 

Give the boy a large book. 

The Infinitive mood expresses an abstract idea. 

to give, to have, etc. 

Tenses (Indicative mood) : 

Present: / work, I am ivorking, I do work. 
Imperfect: / worked, I was working, I did work. 
Future: / shall work, (thou wilt work, etc.) 
Perfect : / have worked (or I worked) . 
Pluperfect: / had worked, etc. 
Future Perfect: / shall have worked, etc. 



IV ENGLISH GRAMMAR 



Voices: 

The Active Voice denotes that the subject does the act : 

He loves. 
The Passive Voice denotes that the subject is being 
acted upon: 

He is loved. 

Numbers : 

The Singular number denotes one : 

/ love, thou lovest, he loves. 
The Plural number denotes more than one: 
We love, you love, they love. 



Persons : 

The First Person denotes the speaker: I, we. 

The Second Person denotes the person spoken to: thou, 
you. . 

The Third Person denotes the person spoken of: he, 
they, 

ADVERBS. 

An Adverb is a word used to limit or to qualify a verb, 
a participle, an adjective or another adverb. 
The boy runs quickly. 
An adverb has three degrees of comparison. 
Positive Comparative Superlative 

quickly more quickly most quickly 

pleasantly more pleasantly most pleasantly 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR V 

PREPOSITIONS. 

A Preposition is a word placed before a noun (or a 
pronoun) to show the latter's connection with some other 
word: 

There are children in the street. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

A Conjunction is a word used to connect or to separate 
words, ideas or sentences: 

William and Henry are in the room but John is not 
there. 

INTERJECTIONS. 

An Interjection is a word used to express a strong or 
sudden emotion of the mind : 
Oh! Ah! Hurrah! 



A Phrase is a brief expression not containing a subject 
and a predicate: 

They are in the street. 

A Clause is a group of words containing a subject and 
a predicate : 

I shall go when he comes home. 

By Inflection is meant any change in the form of a 
word to indicate a change in meaning or use. 

DECLENSION means all the changes that a noun or 
an adjective may undergo. 

CONJUGATION means all the changes that a verb may 
undergo. 



The Twentieth Century Latin-Book. 



THE LATIN ALPHABET. 

i. The Latin alphabet contains the same letters as the 
English alphabet, but has no w. 

2. The vowels are : a, e, i, o, u. 

They may be long a e I 6 u (indicated thus — ) 
They may be short a 8 1 6 u. (indicated thus — ) 

3. The long vowels are pronounced just like the short 
vowels but take twice as long to pronounce. 

4. The other letters of the alphabet are consonants. 

5. Two vowels pronounced as one make a diphthong. 
The diphthongs are : 

ae, au, ei, eu, oe, ui. 



PRONUNCIATION 



6. 



Vowels: 



PRONUNCIATION. 

(Following the Roman method). 





Pronounce 


a as 


; in father 






a 


idea. 






e ' 


obey. 






e 


error. 






I 


machine 






1 

6 ' 


prettiest, 
bowl. 







u ' 


open . 
rude. 






u ' 


put. 


Diphthongs : 









Pronounce ae as in aye. 



au " 


out. 


ei 


sleigh 


eu " 


feud. 


oe " 


coil. 


ui " 


suite. 



Consonants : 








Pronounce c as in 


cake. 


. - - 


g " 


go- 




J " 


yet. 




s '" 


so. 




t 


take. 




V " 


well. 




ch " 


chasm. 



Other consonants are pronounced as in English. 



PRONUNCIATION 



3 



7. QUANTITY. 

Rules.* 

1. A diphthong is long. 

2. A vowel representing a diphthong is long. 

3. A vowel standing for two vowels contracted is long. 

4. A vowel before nf, ns, j, or gn is long. 

5. A vowel before another vowel is short. 

6. A vowel before h is short. 

7. A vowel before nt or nd is short. 



8. 



EXERCISES. 



As far as possible the student 
quantity of the vowels and of the 
following words: 



1. contra 

2. gentem 

3. gratiam 

4. patienter 

5. excludo 

6. frondosus 

7. iniquum 

8. ignis 

9. tenendus 

10. consul 

11. magnus 

12. deinde 



13. nihil 

14. servant 

15. frumentum 

16. poema 

17. via 

18. amant 

19. foedus 

20. mensa 

21. fili 

22. cogit 

23. educo 

24. praesentem 



should mark the 
diphthongs in the 

25. fuerunt 

26. aedes 

27. amandus 

28. contentus 

29. confero 

30. ignoro 

31. nil 

32. hujus 

33. filia 

34. proelium 

35. evenio 

36. sapiens 



♦There arc exceptions to rules I and 7 



PRONUNCIATION 



9. SYLLABLES. 

1. A Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels 
and diphthongs: au-ge-ban-tur. 

2. A single consonant between two vowels belongs 
with the second vowel : re-gi-na. 

3. When two or more consonants occur between two 
vowels, join as many consonants with the second vowel 
as can be pronounced : a-gri-co-la-rum, gen-tem. 

4. In a compound word first separate the component 
parts and then divide the parts according to rules: 
abibam,(ab, away; ibam, / went) ab-i-bam. 

10. ACCENT. 

The last syllable of a word is called the ultima; the 
second from the end, the penult; the third from the end, 
the antepenult. 

1. The ultima is never accented. 

2. The penult is accented when long. 

3. The antepenult is accented when the penult is short. 

Hence words of two syllables are accented on the first 
syllable. 

Note : — A vowel in the penult followed by two conso- 
nants (except a mute followed by 1 or r) constitutes a 
long syllable and is accented. 

4. A word having an enclitic* at the end is accented 
on the syllable preceding the enclitic: monetne, does he 
advise? 

* An enclitic is a word that cannot stand by itself, but is 
joined to the word preceding: e. g. que, and ; ne, the sign of 
a question. 



PRONUN'CIATION. GENDER 



5 



ii. 



PRACTICE. 



Divide into syllables and 

1. neglego 

2. sinister 

3. mitissime 

4. nequaquam 

5. egestatem 

6. controversia 

7. negotium 

8. significatio 

9. infidelis 

10. proficiscor 

11. aderamus 

12. omnis 

13. indulgentia 

14. conventus 

15. urbanus 

16. gracilis 

17. stultitia 

18. occasus 



accent the following words 

19. paenitentia 

20. traicio 

21. deturbatus 

22. clamor 

23. oppidum 

24. proicio 

25. innocentia 

26. omnino 

27. noster 

28. clausus 

29. proelium 

30. copia 

31. singuli 

32. creatorum 

33. usque 

34. indutiae 

35. exercitus 

36. gladiator 



12. 



GENERAL RULES OF GENDER. 



1. Nouns denoting males are masculine: rex, king; 
Brutus, Brutus; nauta, sailor. 

2. Nouns denoting females are feminine: regina, 
queen; Cornelia, Conelia; puella, girl. 

3. Names of rivers, winds and months are masculine: 
Rhenus, Rhine; Auster, South-wind; Martius, March. 

4. Names of countries, towns, islands and trees are 
feminine: Italia, Italy; Roma, Rome; Samos, Santos; 
abies, fir-tree . 

5. Indeclinable nouns are neuter: nihil, nothing; opus, 
necessity, 



6 NUMBER, CASE 



13. NUMBER AND CASE. 

Nouns and adjectives may be singular or plural. 
Pronouns arH participles may be singular or plural. 

The Six Cases Are as Follows: 

Latin. English. . 

Nominative equals subject. 

Genitive of 

Dative ( to 



or for 

Accusative direct object. 

Ablative (used after many prepositions). 
Vocative equals case of address. 



ORDER OF WORDS 

in a Latin Sentence. 

1. Place the Subject first. 

2. Place the. Verb last. 

(The verb, sum, / am, in any of its forms, takes the 
same position as in English.) 

3. Place the Direct Object before the verb. 

4. Place the Indirect Object before a direct object. 

5. Place Adjectives after their nouns. 

Note : These rules may be disregarded when,' for 
the sake of emphasis, a word takes some other position. 



FIRST DECLENSION 7 

FIRST DECLENSION. 

14. The stem ends in a. 

15. Gender — Feminine. 

16. Note. — To decline a word add the case endings 
to the base of that word. The base is the stem minus its 
final vowel. 

17. DECLENSION. 

Case Endings Example 

Singular '. Singular 

N.V a pugna a battle 

G ae pugnae of a battle 

D ae pugnae to, for a battle 

Ac am pugnam a battle 

Ab a pugna 

Plural Plural 

N.V ae pugnae battles 

G arum pugnarum of battles 

D is pugnis to, for battles 

Ac as pugnas battles 

Ab is pugnis" 

18. RULES OF SYNTAX. 

Before attempting to translate the exercises the 
student should learn the following rules of syntax. 

1. The Subject of a Verb. See Rule 1, page 32. 

2. A Noun in the Predicate. See Rule 3, page 32. 

3. Possession. See Rule 5, page 33. 

4. Direct Object of a Verb. See Rule 17, page 35. 

5. Adjectives (agreement). See Rule 34, page 39. 

6. Verbs (agreement). See Rule 35, page 39. 



FIRST DECLENSION 



IQ. 



VOCABULARY. 



Nouns. 



aqua, water. 
Aqultania Aquitar 
coldnia, colony. 
cdpia, supply. 
esseda, war -chariot. 
fSmina, woman. 
f ilia,* daughter. 
Gallia, Gaul. 
materia, wood. 
porta, gate. 
praeda, booty. 
prdvincia, province. 
pugna, battle. 
Roma, Rome. 
sagitta, arrow. 
terra, earth. 
tuba, trumpet. 
via, road. 



11a. 



Adjectives . 

(Feminine form.) 
alta, high. 
bona, good. 
longa, long. 
magna, large. 
multa, many. 
nova, new. 
parva, small. 
plana, level. 
Verbs. 
est, (he, she, it) is. 
sunt, (they) are. 
habet, (he, she, it) has. 
habent, (they) have. 
portat, (he, she, it) carries. 
portant, (they) carry. 



et, and; non, not. 



20. AIDS FOR THE STUDENT. 

1. Put the subject in the nominative case. 

2. Put the direct object in the accusative case. 

3. Put of + a noun in the genitive case. 

4. Put to + a noun (indirect object) in the dative case. 

5. Put for + a noun (indirect object) in the dative 
case. 

21. The words the and a cannot be translated into 
Latin 

* Filia, daughter, sometimes has a dative and ablative plural 
in - abus. 



FIRST DECLENSION 9 



EXERCISES. 

22. 1. Aquitania est provincia. 2. Filia sagittas 
habet. 3. Essedae praedam habent. 4. Terra aquam 
habet. 5. Roma portas habet. 6. Pugna est. 7. 
Coloniae vias habent. 8. Filiae materiam habent. 9. 
Gallia provincias habet. 10. Sunt tubae. 

23. 1. The women have daughters. 2. Gaul has the 
booty. 3. Aquitania has war-chariots. 4. The daugh- 
ters have arrows. 5. It is a trumpet. 6. The land has 
wood. 7. Rome has colonies. 8. It is a war-chariot. 
9. The colonies have gates. 10. Gaul has roads. 

EXERCISES. 

24. 1. Aquitania est provincia Galliae. 2. Filia 
fcminae sagittas port at. 3. Essedae Romae praedam 
provinciae port ant. 4. Terra Aquitaniae aquam habet. 
5. Coloniae Romae portas habent. 6. Feminae praedam 
pugnae portant. 7. Provincia Aquitaniae vias habet. 
8. Filiae aquam provinciae Galliae portant. 9. Pro- 
vinciae Galliae praedam habent. 10. Praeda coloniae 
est copia tubarum. 

25. 1. The women of Gaul have daughters. 2. The 
provinces of Gaul have booty. 3. The province of 
Aquitania has the war-chariots of Gaul. 4. The 
daughters of the women have a supply of arrows. 5. 
The women of Rome carry the water. 6. The colonies 
of Rome have supplies of water. 7. The land of Gaul 
has roads. 8. The war-chariots of Rome carry the 
trumpets of the women. 9. The booty of the battle is a 
supply of war-chariots. 10. The colonies of Gaul have 
gates. 



10 FIRST DECLENSION 



EXERCISES. 

26. 1. Aquitania est provincia parva Galliae. 2. 
Filia bona feminae sagittas longas portat. 3. Essedae 
magnae Romae praedam provinciarum novarum portant. 
4. Terra plana Aquitaniae aquam bonam habet. 5. 
Coloniae novae Romae portas altas habent. 6. Feminae 
bonae praedam magnam pugnae portant. 7. Provincia 
parva Aquitaniae vias longas habet. 8. Filiae bonae 
aquam provinciarum magnarum Galliae portant. 9. 
Provinciae magnae Galliae praedam multam habent. 

10. Praeda coloniae parvae est copia tubarum longarum. 

11. Provinciae multae Romae copiam magnam esseda- 
rum habent. 12. Sagittae longae sunt praeda provinciae. 



EXERCISES. 

27. 1. The good women of Gaul have many daughters. 
2. The large provinces of Rome have a supply of long 
arrows. 3. The new colonies of Gaul have many war- 
chariots. 4. The large war-chariots of Aquitania carry 
the women of the new province. 5. The small land of 
Rome has a large supply of water. 6. The level land of 
Gaul has many roads. 7. The daughters of the good 
women carry a large supply of arrows. 8. The small 
colonies of Gaul have high gates. 9. The booty of the 
large province of Gaul is a new supply of trumpets. 10. 
Rome has many colonies. 11. They carry the good 
water of the provinces of Gaul. 12. The women of the 
large colony of Rome carry long trumpets. 



FIRST DECLENSION 11 



REVIEW EXERCISES. 

28. 1. Coloniae Romae sunt multae et magnae. 2. 
Gallia est colonia magna Romae. 3. Gallia provincias 
multas et novas habet. 4. Aquitania est provincia 
magna Galliae. 5. Aquitania feminas multas et bonas 
habet. 6. Filiae feminarum praedam magnam pugnae 
portant. 7. Praeda est copia magna tubarum multarum 
et longarum. 8. Aquitania copiam Romae tubarum 
longarum habet. 9. Aquitania multas portas altas non 
habet. 10. Roma portas altas et copiam magnam 
aquae bonae habet. 11. Terra plana Galliae copiam 
bonam aquae non habet. 12. Gallia multas essedas 
magnas et longas vias planas habet. 13. Provinciae 
Galliae copiam essedarum novarum et sagittarum 
longarum habent. 14. Sunt praeda pugnae magnae. 



REVIEW EXERCISES. 

29. 1. Aquitania is a province of Gaul and Gaul is a 
large new colony of Rome. 2. The good women of 
Aquitania have many daughters. 3. The daughters of 
the women of Aquitania have the long trumpets of Rome. 

4. The long trumpets are the booty of the great battle. 

5. The large new war-chariots of Gaul carry the long 
trumpets. 6. Rome has high gates. 7. The land of 
Rome has much good water and many level roads. S. 
Rome has a large supply of small trumpets. 9. She has 
not many war-chariots. 10. She has no supply of 
arrows. 11. Aquitania has Rome's supply of arrows. 
12. The arrows are long. 



12 SECOND DECLENSION 

SECOND DECLENSION. 

30. The stem ends in o. 

31. Gender. — Nouns ending in um are neuter, most 
others are masculine.* 

32. Case Endings. Example. 

Singular. Singular. 

N.V us, e servus, e a slave 

G 1 servi of a slave 

D 6 servo to, for a slave 

Ac . um servum a slave 

Ab 6 servo 

Plural. Plural. 

N.V 1 servi slaves 

G drum servdrum of slaves 

D. . is servis to, for slaves 

Ac. 6s serv6s slaves 

Ab is servis 

33. Case Endings. Example. 

Singular. Singula?'. 

N.V um bellum a war 

G. i belli of a war 

D 6 bello to, for a war 

Ac um bellum a war 

Ab 6 bell6 

Plural. Plural. 

N.V a bella wars 

G. orum bellorum of wars 

D. . is bell is to, for wars 

Ac a bella wars 

Ab is bellis 

*The following nouns are exceptions: alvus F. — coins F. — 
humus F. — pelagus N. — vannus F. — virus N. — vulgus N. 



SECOND DECLENSION 



13 



34- 



VOCABULARY. 



Masculine Nouns. 
amicus, friend. 
annus, year. 

« 

Brutus, Brutus. 
carrus, wagon. 
cibus, food. 
equus, horse. 
filius, son. 
gladius, sword. 
legatus, ambassador. 
murus, wall. 
numerus, number. 
servus, slave. 



Neuter Nouns. 
bellum, war. 
castrum, fort. 
oppidum, town. 
pilum, javelin. 
regnum, kingdom. 
saxum, stone. 
scutum, shield. 
signum, signal. 
tectum, roof. 
telum, weapon. 
vallum, wall. 
verbum, word. 



Adjectives. 

Masculine and Neuter forms. 



altus-um, high. 
bonus-um, good. 
longus-um, long. 
magnus-um, large. 

dat, {he, she, it) gives. 



Verbs. 



multus-um, many. 
novus-um, new. 
parvus-um, small. 
planus-um, level. 



dant, (they) give. 



35- 



RULES OF SYNTAX. 



Before attempting to translate the exercises the 
student should learn the following rules of syntax : 

1. Indirect Object. See Rule 9, page 33. 

2. The Dative of the Possessor. See Rule 10, page 34. 

3. The Dative of Service. See Rule 13, page 34. 

4. The Ethical Dative. See Rule 15, page 35, 



14 SECOND DECLENSION 

EXERCISES. 

36. 1. Brutus amicos habet. 2. Legatus servos 
habet. 3. Equuscibumportat. 4. Signumest verbum. 
5. Filii* pila portant. 6. Tela sunt gladii. 7. Regnum 
castra habet. 8. Amicus scutum portat. 9. Servi 
equos habent. 10. Castrum vallum habet. 

37. 1. The ambassador is a friend. 2. The towns 
have forts. 3. The kingdom has towns. 4. Brutus has 
friends. 5. The slaves carry javelins. 6. The ambas- 
sadors have sons. 7. The horses carry the food. 8. 
The friends have swords. 9. The fort has a roof. 10. 
The friends carry shields. 

EXERCISES. 

38. 1. Filius Bruti amicos habet. 2. Amici legati 
servos habent. 3. Equi amicorum Bruto cibum portant. 
4. Signum belli est verbum. 5. Servi pila legatorum 
portant. 6. Tela sunt numerus gladiorum. 7. Oppida 
regni castra habent. 8. Amicus scutum legati habet. 
9. Servi cibum filiorum portant. 10. Castra oppi- 
dorum valla habent. 

39. 1. The friends of Brutus have swords and shields. 
2. The sons of the ambassador are Brutus' friends. 3. 
The horses of the slaves carry the food of the fort. 4. 
He gives a number of shields to the slaves. 5. The 
slaves carry the weapons of the sons. 6. The signal of 
war is a word. 7. They carry javelins and swords. 8. 
The forts of the towns have walls. 9. The ambassador 
gives Brutus a sword. 10. The friends of Brutus carry 
weapons. 

♦When two i'-s come together they unite to form T. 



SECOND DECLENSION 15 



REVIEW EXERCISES. 

40. 1. Filius bonus Bruti amicos multos habet. 2. 
Legati regni parvi servos bonos habent. 3. Equi 
amicorum bonorum cibum multum portant. 4. Signum 
belli longi est verbum parvum. 5. Numerus servo- 
rum bonorum Bruto pila longa dat. 6. Telum 
amici est gladius novus. 7. Oppida parva regni magni 
castra multa habent. 8. Amicus bonus legati scutum 
novum portat. 9. Equi servorum multorum pila longa 
portant. 10. Castra alta oppidi saxa plana habent. 11. 
Filii legatorum bonorum servis gladios multos dant. 12. 
Castrum altum oppidi testum planum habet. 



41. 1. The large towns of the kingdom have many 
weapons. 2. Brutus is a good friend. 3. Many slaves 
of the ambassador of the kingdom carry food. 4. The 
good son of the ambassador gives long swords to the 
slaves. 5. The new weapons of the town are a large 
number of javelins. 6. The high walls of the towns 
have large stones. 7. They give many large weapons 
to the friends. 8. The high roofs of the forts are level. 
9. The good horses of the slaves carry the food of the 
friends, 10. He gives a large number of good shields 
to the sons of the new ambassador. 11. The level roofs 
of the high forts are large. 12. They give many new 
javelins to the new friends of Brutus' son. 



16 



SECOND DECLENSION 



SECOND DECLENSION. 

42. Nouns in er. 

Case Endings. Example. 

Si ngu lar . Sin g u la r . 

N.V puer a boy 

G 1 pueri of a boy 

D 6 puero to, for a boy 

Ac um puerum a boy 

Ab 6 puero 

Plural. Plural. 

N.V 1 pueri boys 

G orum puerorum of boys 

D is puer is to, for boys 

Ac 6s piieros boys 

Ab Is pueris 

43. Case Endings. Example. 

Singular. Singular. 

N.V ager a field 

G 1 agri of a field 

D 6 agro to, for a field 

Ac um agrum a field 

Ab. 6 agro 

Plural. Plural. 

N.V 1 agri fields 

G orum agrorum of fields 

D is agris to, for fields 

Ac 6s agros fields 

Ab. . is agris 

44. Note. — Ager has an e only in the nominative 
singular. Puer has the e throughout. Most nouns in er 
are declined like ager. 



SECOND DECLENSION 17 



45. VOCABULARY. 

Nouns. 

(Declined like puer.) (Declined like ager.) 

aquilifer, eagle-bearer. arbiter, judge. 

gener, son-in-law. ager, field. 

puer, boy, child. caper, goat. 

signifer, standard-bearer. culter, knife. 

socer, father-in-law. faber, carpenter. 

vesper, evening. liber, book. 

vir, man. magister, master. 

liber 1, (plur. only) children, minister, servant. 

EXERCISES. 

46. 1. Vir est arbiter. 2. Magister ministroshabet. 3. 
Vesper est. 4. Soceri agros habent. 5. Viri sunt ge- 
neri. 6. Capros habet. 7. Liberi cultros habent. 8. 
Signifer est faber. 9. Pueri libros habent. 10. Aquilifer 
liberos habet. 

47. 1. The men have servants. 2. They have fields. 
3. The masters have fields. 4. It is evening. 5. The 
servants have knives. 6. The boy has a goat. 7. The 
carpenters are standard-bearers. 8. The children have 
books. 9. The men are fathers-in-law. 10. They are 
judges. 

47a. Decline together, giving singular and plural. 

1. feminabona. 6. pilum longum. 

2: porta alta. 7. puer bonus. 

3. legatus novus. 8. vir magnus 

4. carrus magnus. 9. ager parvus. 

5. saxum planum. 10. culter bonus. 



18 SECOND DECLENSION 



EXERCISES. 

48. 1. Ager novus arbitri est longus et planus. 2. 
Liberi virorum libros novos habent. 3. Viri ministris 
capros multos dant. 4. Socer viri novos libros libe- 
rorum parvorum portat. 5. Generi viri capros multos 
et magnos habent. 6. Signiferi boni liberis magistri 
libros multos dant. 7. Vesperi multi sunt longi. 8. 
Liberi parvi arbitrorum sunt boni. 9. Ministri boni 
fabrorum magnos libros puerorum portant. 10. Aqui- 
liferi ministris no vis cultros multos dant. 11. Magistri 
multos agros magnos et multos capros bonos habent. 
12. Libri liberorum arbitri sunt magni et novi. 



EXERCISES. 

49. 1. The good children of the carpenter carry large 
books. 2. The judge has many level fields and many 
good goats. 3. The boy gives new books to the children 
of the standard-bearer. 4. The master's children have 
large new knives. 5. They carry the small children of 
the eagle-bearer. 6. The good fathers-in-law give 
many goats to the sons-in-law. 7. The eagle-bearer is a 
son-in-law of the good judge. 8. The men give many 
large books and many new knives to the boys. 8. The 
goats of the master are large. 10. The small children of 
the good men give small new books to the boys. 11. 
The goats carry the small children of the good judge's 
son-in-law. 12. The large level fields of the good car- 
penter have many goats. 



SECOND DECLENSION 10 



REVIEW EXERCISES. 

50. 1. Servi amicis arbitri aquam bonam dant. 2. 
Viri oppidi magnum numerum servorum et ministros 
multos habent. 3. Liberi boni legati libros arbitri 
portant. 4. Filii signiferi multas sagittas longas por- 
tant. 5. Pueri fabro magnam copiam materiae por- 
tant. 6. Verba magistri sunt bona. 7. Magna saxa 
agrorum vallo oppidi portant. 8. Femina filio Bruti 
scutum magnum dat. 9. Ministri legatorum gladios 
virorum portant. 10. Parva filia arbitri magnam 
copiam librorum habet. 11. Liberis viri multos libros 
novos dat. 12. Provincia plana agros multos habet. 



REVIEW EXERCISES. 

51. 1. The judges give the booty of the province to 
the men of Rome. 2. The woman's children carry the 
shield and the weapons of Brutus. 3. The boys have 
the long trumpets of the son-in-law of the man. 4. The 
large war-chariots of the men are not new. 5. The 
fields of Rome have a large supply of water. 6. The 
horses of the master carry the good children of the 
women. 7. The wood of the large war-chariots of 
Rome is new. 8. The ambassador of Rome gives a 
large number of weapons to the men of the town. 9. 
The standard-bearers are carrying the long trumpets. 

10. Many towns of Gaul have not a large number of men 

11. Brutus' servants carry the large books of the chiL 
dren. 12. The arrows are not long. 



20 



ADJECTIVES 



52. 



ADJECTIVES. 

FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION. 





Bonus, good. 




Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Sing. N.V. bonus, e 


bona 


bonum 


G. boni 


bonae 


boni 


D. bono 


bonae 


bono 


Ac. bonum 


bonam 


bonum 


Ab. bono 


bona 


bono 


Plur. N.V. boni 


bonae 


bona 


G. bonorum 


bonarum 


bon6rum 


D. bonis 


bonis 


bonis 


Ac. bonds 


bonas 


bona 


Ab. bonis 


bon is 


bonis 


53. Decline altus, parvus, 


magnus, longus, 


multus, etc. 







54. 1. The good man gives a large trumpet to the 
small boy. 2. Many men have large shields. 3. The 
high gates of the town are new. 4. Gaul has level roads. 
5. The new books are for the good children. 6. Many 
horses carry water for the men. 7. The boy gives much 
water to the good horse. 8. The new wagons carry food 
for many men. 9. The slaves of the good men have 
water. 10. Has the good ambassador many sons? 



55. 


M 


iser, wretched. 




Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Sing. N.V. 


miser 


misera 


miserum 


G. 


miser 1 


miserae 


miserl 


D. 


misero 


miserae 


misero 


Ac. 


miserum 


miseram 


miserum 


Ab. 


misero 


misera 


misero 


Plur. N.V. 


miserl 


miserae 


misera 


G. 


miserdrum 


miserarum 


miser6rum 


D. 


miserls 


miserls 


miserls 


Ac. 


miserOs 


miseras 


misera 


Ab. 


miserls 


miserls 


miserls 



ADJECTIVES 



21 



56. Decline liber, tener, asper, dexter. 

57. I . The good woman gives water to the wretched 
man. 2. The wretched slaves of the master are free. 
.'). The right-hand chariot is large. 4. The tender 
daughter of the woman gives food to the boy. 5. The 
rough roads are not good. 6. The women are free. 7. 
The right-hand wagon belongs to the ambassador's son. 
8. The boys have rough shields. 9. They give the 
right-hand boys long javelins. 10. The road is long and 
rough. 



58. 




Niger, black. 






Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Ne liter. 


Sing. 


N.V. niger 


nigra 


nigrum 




G. nigri 


nigrae 


nigri 




D. nigro 


nigrae 


nigro 




Ac. nigrum 


nigram 


nigrum 




Ab. nigro 


nigra 


nigro 


Plur. 


N.V. nigri 


nigrae 


nigra 




G. nigrdrum 


nigrarum 


nigrdrum 




D. nigris 


nigris 


nigris 




Ac. nigrds 


nigras 


nigra 




Ab. nigris 


nigris 


nigris 



59. Decline — pulcher, ruber, aeger, piger, noster, 
vester. 



60. 1. Our ambassador has a beautiful chariot. 2. 
The children's books are red. 3. The daughter of our 
friend is sick. 4. A boy gives the sick man water. 5. 
Many men are lazy. 6. The horses carry our weapons. 
7. The beautiful arrows belong to the Romans. S. 
Your friends are not sick. 9. The red chariot belongs 
to our ambassador. 10. The messenger has^a beautiful 
horse. 



22 FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION 



61. FIVE NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. 

agricola, farmer. nauta, sailor. 

collega, associate. poeta, poet. 

scriba, scribe. 

62. The above nouns of the first declension are mascu- 
line in gender, hence an adjective, when modifying any 
one of them, must take the masculine ending. 

Example : 

Agricola bonus est amicus nautae miseri. 

The good farmer is a friend of the wretched sailor. 



EXERCISES. 

63. 1. Agricolae boni multos liberos habent. 2. 
Puer nautae misero aquam dat. 3. Liberi nautarum- 
multorum sunt aegri. 4. Servus nostro collegae gla- 
dium dat. 5. Oppidum poetas multos non habet. 6. 
Tela nautarum asperorum non sunt parva. 7. Liber 
scribae nostri est magnus. 8. Provincia agricolas 
multos et bonos habet. 9. Libri poetae pigri non sunt 
magni. 10. Legatus scribas multos habet. 

64. 1. The good farmer has many children. 2. The 
books of many poets are beautiful. 3. The daughter 
of the good farmer gives water to the sick sailor. 4. 
Brutus' new associate is lazy. 5. There are many 
friends for the good poet. 6. The scribes are giving 
books to the children. 7. The ambassador has many 
good scribes. 8. Your associate is not a good man. 9. 
The good poet has many friends. 10. The good farmers 
are giving food to our sailors. 



THE VERB Sum 



23 



65. • THE VERB SUM. 

Sum (roots es, fu), / am. 
PRINCIPAL PARTS: sum, esse, fui, (futurus.) 



sum, / am. 
es, thou art. 
est, he is. 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 

sumus, we arc. 
estis, you arc. 
sunt, they arc. 



eram, / was. 
eras, thou wast. 
erat, he was. 



ero, / shall be. 
eris, thou wilt be. 
erit, he will be. 



Imperfect. 

eramus, we were. 
eratis, you were. 
erant, they were. 

Future. 

erimus, we shall be. 
eritis, you will be. 
erunt, they will be. 



fui, / have been. 
fuisti, thou hast been. 
fuit, he has been. 



Perfect. 

fuimus, we have been. 
fuistis, you have been. 
fuerunt (ere) they have been. 

Pluperfect. 

fueram, / had been. fueramus, we had been. 

fueiras, thou hadst been._ fueratis, you had been. 
fuerat, he had been. fuerant, they had been. 

Future Perfect. 

fuero, / shall have been. fuerimus, we shall have been. 
fueris, thou wilt have becv . fueritis, you will have been. 
fuerit, he will have been. fuerint, they will have been. 



24 



THE VERB Sum 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.* 



Present. 



Imperfect. 



sim 




simus 


essem 


essemus 


sis 




sitis 


esses 


essitis 


sit 




sint 


esset 


essent 




Perfect. 


Pluperfect. 


fuerim 




fuerimus 


fuissem 


fuissemus 


fueris 




fueritis 


fuisses 


fuissetis 


fuerit 




fuerint 


fuisset 


fuissent 






IMPERATIVE MOOD. 










Present. 




es, be thou. 




este, be ye. 










Future. 




esto, thou shalt be. 


estdte, ye shall be. 


esto, he 


shall 


be. 


sunto, they 


shall be. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present, esse, to be. 

Perfect, fuisse, to have been. 

Future, futurus esse, to be about to be. 

PARTICIPLE, 
futurus, a, um, about to be. 



66. STUDY RULE OF SYNTAX 10, ON PAGE 34 

^Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the context. 



THE VKKB Sum 



25 



67. 



Practice on SUM. 



Give the mood, tense, number and person of each of 
the following forms and translate wherever possible.* 



1. erant 

2. fuerat 

3. erit 

4. sunt 

5. fuistis 

6. eram 

7. esset 

8. erimus 

9. fuisset 

10. fui 

11. sim 

12. essent 

13. fuerimus 

14. estis 

15. esto 

16. fuero 

17. simus 

18. ero 

19. essem 

20. fuimus 



21. eritis 

22. fuerim 

23. erat 

24. fueritis 

25. erunt 

26. sit 

27. fueris 

28. eras 

29. fuisse 

30. fueram 

31. eramus 

32. fuerint 

33. sunto 

34. fuistl 

35. esses 

36. est 

37. fueras 

38. sint 

39. fuissem 

40. sumus 



41 fuerit 

42. esse 

43. eratis 

44. fuerunt 
45- sis 

46. fuissent 

47. fuerant 

48. este 

49. sum 

50. fueramus 

51. estote 

52. eris 

53- sltis 

54. es 

55. essemus 

56. fuit 

57. fuissetis 

58. erit 

59. fueratis 

60. essetis 



*Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the context 
and for this reason the student should not attempt to translate 
them at this time. 



26 



THE VERB Sum 



68. 



Practice on SUM. 



Translate the folowing forms 

i. he was 

2. you are 

3. thou wilt have been 

4. we have been 

5. to be 

6. be ye • 

7. thou shalt be 

8. we were 

9. they had been 

10. you had been 

11. thou wilt be 

12. I shall be 

13. I have been 

14. be thou 

15. they will have been 

16. you will be 

17. he is 

18. they were 

19. thou hast been 

20. we had been 

21. he had been 

22. you will have been. 

23. we are 

24. I am 

25. he has been 

26. I have been 

27. I shall be 

28. you had been 

29. they are 

30. we shall be 



into Latin. 

31. he will have been 

32. be thou 

33. he has been 

34. you were 

35. he had been 

36. they were 

37. they will be 

38. I shall have been 

39. they shall be 

40. I am 

41. to have been 

42. thou wast 

43. he has been 

44. we shall be 

45. thou hadst been 

46. they have been 

47. thou art 

48. he shall be 

49. I shall be 

50. you had been 

51. ye shall be 

52. we shall have been 

53. I was 

54. he is 

55. you have been 

56. thou wilt have been 

57. they have been 

58. you will be 

59. he will be 

60. I had been 



THE VERB Sum 27 



EXERCISES. 

69. 1. Vir erat nauta. *2. Estis in carro agricolae. 
3. Sumus amici boni. 4. Liberi fuerant in castro 
oppidi. 5. Este amici servorum. 6. Viae Italiae erant 
planae. 7. Praeda pugnae est numerus magnus telorum. 
8. Brutus fuerat legatus. 9. Vir erit agricola. 10. 
Multae essedae sunt viro. 11. Pugna fuit longa. 12. 
Signum belli fuerat verbum. 13. Culter est puero. 14. 
Vir esto nauta. 15. Copia aquae fuit bona. 16. Novae 
portae sunt oppido. 17. Fuerimus in terra Romanorum. 
18. Agricolae Romae erant viri boni. 19. Portae oppidi 
erunt altae. 20. Vesperi sunt longi. 21. Multae tubae 
fuerant in carro. 22. Estis fabri boni. 

70. 1. Brutus' son is an ambassador. 2. The boy 
will be a standard-bearer. .3. They had been in the 
wagon of the farmer. 4. The daughter of the woman 
was good. 5. We shall be friends of the slaves. 6. 
The man is a sailor. 7. I am wretched. 8. The chil- 
dren are wretched. 9. A small word will be the signal 
of the battle. 10. The supply of arrows has been 
small. 11. The new gate is high. 12. You had been 
in the large fort. 13. The slaves have many weapons. 
14. The evenings are long.. 15. There is much booty in 
the town. 16. The men have been farmers. 17. It 
was a sailor. 18. She will be a good friend. 19. The 
boys had many large knives. 20. Be ye good men. 

*See Rule 32, Page 38. 



28 



PREPOSITIONS 



PREPOSITIONS. 

71. The following prepositions always take the 
accusative case. 



ad, to, toward. 
adversus, against. 
adversum, towards. 
ante, before. 
apud, at, near. 
circa, about. 
circum, around. 
circiter, round about. 
cis, citra, this side of. 
contra, against. 
erga, towards. 
extra, outside. 
infra, below. 
inter, among. 



intra, inside. 
juxta, near. 
ob, on account of. 
per, through. 
pone, behind. 
post, after. 
praeter, beyond. 
prope, near. 
propter, on account of. 
secundum, next to. 
supra, above. 
trans, across. 
ultra, beyond. 
versus, toward. 



72. The following prepositions take the ablative case. 
a, ab, abs, away from, by. e, ex, out of. 



absque, outside of. 
c6ram, in the presence of. 
cum, with. 
dS, from, concerning. 



prae, in comparison with. 
pro, in front of, for. 
sine, without. 
tenus, up to, as far as. 



73. After the following prepositions 

Use the accusative to express place to or into which. 
Use the ablative to express place where. 

in, to, into, in, on. sub, under. 

subter, beneath, super, above. 



PREPOSITIONS 29 



The student should hereafter consult the general 
vocabulary at the end of the book for the meaning and 
the use of any word with which he is not familiar. 



EXERCISES. 

74. 1. Equi feminas ad castrum portant. 2. Ante 
portas Romae sunt legati Galliae. 3. Circum oppidum 
est via. 4. Inter amicos Bruti sunt legati. 5. Amici 
virum trans agros portant. 6. Essedae praedam per 
provinciam novam portant. 7. Propter pugnam fe- 
minae sunt in castro. 8. In oppidum viros portant. 
9. Liberi cum servis sunt. 10. Ex oppido viris cibum 
portat. 11. Ex castro pueros portant. 12. Amici 
Bruti prae populo oppidi sunt multi. 13. Sunt subter 
muris oppidi. 14. In oppido sunt equi. 15. Super 
muris oppidi saxa portant. 

75. 1. In-comparison-with the men of Gaul the 
Romans are small. 2. They are carrying the weapons 
out of the fort. 3. The friends of the ambassador are 
in the town. 4. The men carry the booty through the 
province. 5. There are swords among the weapons. 6. 
There are walls around the town. 7. The horses carry 
the men toward the fort. 8. The war-chariots are before 
the gates of Rome. 9. The men carry the water across 
the field. 10. There are not many men on account of 
the war. 11. He is with a servant. 12. There are 
stones on the roof of the fort. 13. The slaves carry the 
children from the flames. 14. The weapons are in the 
town. 15. He carries the children on his shoulders. 



30 



REVIEW 



76. 



VOCABULARY REVIEW. 



Give the meaning of each of the following words. 
Give the declension and gender of each noun. 

31 via 61. castrum 



1. aqua 

2. amicus 

3. per 

4. novus 

5. provincia 

6. longa 

7. trans 

8. oppidum 

9. ab 

10. porta 

11. Roma 

12. agricola 

13. pilum 

14. niger 

15. praeda 
' 16. socer 

17. culter 

18. in 

19. nauta 

20. cum 

21. inter 

22. servus 

23. tectum 

24. dant 

25. Brutus 

26. pulcher 

27. gladius 

28. faber 

29. magister 

30. scutum 



32. ad 

33. collega 

34. colonia 
35- n on 

36. tuba 

37. multus 

38. gener 

39. materia 

40. annus 

41. bona 

42. ante 

43. sagitta 

44. ex 

45. legatus 

46. scriba 

47. vesper 

48. filia 
,49. bellum 

50. propter 

51. liberi 

52. prope 

53. arbiter 

54. filius 

55. ruber 

56. regnum 

57. liber 

58. asper 

59. signum 

60. habet 



62. femina 

63. Gallia 

64. alta 

65. miser 

66. pugna 

67. murus 

68. circum 

69. copia 

70. puer 

71. poeta 

72. terra 

73. parvus 

74. contra 

75. esseda 

76. numerus 

77. signifer 

78. plana 

79. sine 

80. socer 

81. vallum 

82. tener 

83. caper 

84. equus 

85. verbum 

86. vir 

87. saxum 

88. carrus 

89. minister 

90. telum 



REVIEW 



31 



77- 



VOCABULARY REVIEW. 



Give the Latin form for each of the following words. 
I. booty 31. fort 61. good 



2. supply 

3. knife 

4. woman 

5. province 

6. new 

7. around 

8. long 

9. high 

10. in 

11. out of 

12. among 

13. ambassador 

14. across 

15. on account of 

16. roof 

17. sailor 

18. master 

19. children 

20. with 

21. road 



32. town 

33. black 
34- hoy 

35. water 

36. wood 

37. battle 

38. friend 

39. arrow 

40. by 

41. they give 

42. through 

43. carpenter 

44. Gaul 

45. evening 

46. gate 

47. son 

48. poet 

49. near 

50. judge 

51. man 



62. sword 

63. wretched 

64. war 

65. beautiful 

66. year 

67. daughter 

68. father-in-law 

69. Brutus 

70. red 

71. before 

72. kingdom 

73. Rome 

74. scribe 

75. book 

76. farmer 

77. signal 

78. javelin 

79. rough 

80. he has 

81. stone 



22. standard-bearer 52. war-chariot 82. colleague 



23. level 

24. servant 

25. land 

26. trumpet 

27. not 

28. to be 

29. weapon 

30. against 



53- goat 

54. toward 

55. number 

56. without 

57. small 

58. colony 

59. horse 

60. wagon 



83. wall 

84. servant 

85. many 

86. ambassador 

87. son-in-law 

88. delicate 

89. wood 

90. level 



32 RULES OF SYNTAX 



78. RULES OF SYNTAX. 

The chief uses of the six cases. 

(The student should make use of the following rules 
whenever translating.) 

1. Subject of a finite verb, (nominative.) 

RULE — The subject of a finite verb is in the 

nominative case. 
Ex. — Femina tubam habet. The woman has a 

trumpet. 

2. Noun in apposition. 

RULE — A noun in apposition with another noun 

is in the same case. 
Ex. — Vir, agricola, multos liberos habet. The 

man, a farmer, has many children. 
Ex.- — Dicit virum, agricolam, esse aegrum. He 

says that the man, a farmer, is sick. 

3. Noun in the predicate. 

RULE — A noun in the predicate referring back 
and naming the same person or thing as the 
subject is in the same case. 

Ex. — Brutus est legatus. Brutus is an ambassa- 
dor. 

Ex. — Dicit Brutum esse legatum. He says that 
Brutus is an ambassador. 

4. Address, (vocative.) 

RULE — The vocative case is the case of direct 

address. 
Ex. — Serve! Bruto gladium da! Slave! give 

Brutus a sword! 



RULES O^ SYNTAX 33 



5. Possession, (genitive.) 

RULE. — A noun modifying another noun, not 
denoting the same person or thing, is in the 
genitive case. 

Ex. — Gladius legati est magnus. The sword of 
the ambassador is large. 

6. Material. (Sometimes called Genitive of Source.) 

RULE. — The genitive may denote the material 

of which a thing consists. 
Ex. — Talentum auri habet. He has a talent of 

gold. 

7. Partitive (genitive). 

RULE — A noun denoting that of which a part 
has been taken is in the genitive case. 

Ex. — Unus militum gladium habet. One of the 
soldiers has a sword. 

8. Remembering, verbs of, (genitive). 
Forgetting, verbs of, (genitive). 

RULE— Verbs of remembering and forgetting, 

when they express a continued state of mind, 

take the genitive case. 
Ex. — Consul amicorum meminit. The consul 

remembers his friends. 
Ex. — Pugnae illius nunquam obliviscar. / shall 

never forget that battle. 

9. Indirect Object, (dative.) 

RULE — The indirect object of a verb is in the 

dative case. 
Ex. — Poeta puero librum dat. The poet gives 

the book to the boy. 



34 RULES OP SYNTAX 

10. Possessor, (dative.) 

RULE — The person to whom something belongs, 
when used with the verb sum, is in the dative 
case. 

Ex. — Essedae sunt legato. Chariots are [belong] 
to the ambassador. 

ii. Agent, with the gerundive, (dative.) 

RULE — The person by whom something must or 
ought to be done is in the dative case. 

Ex. — Urbs nobis delenda est. The city must be 
destroyed by us. 

12. Compound Verbs, (dative.) 

RULE — Most verbs compounded with ad, ante, 
con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub and super 
take the dative case. 

Ex. — Brutus Romanis praefuit. Brutus com- 
manded the Romans. 

13. Service, (dative.) 

RULE — A noun denoting for what purpose a 
thing is to be used is in the dative case. 

Ex. — Milites auxilio misit. He sent soldiers as an 
aid. 

14. Fitness, adjectives of, (dative.) 

RULE — The dative is used after adjectives of 
nearness, fitness, likeness, etc., and their oppo- 
sites. 

Ex. — Locus castris erat idoneus. The place was 
suitable for a camp. 



RULES OF SYNTAX 35 



15. Ethical, (dative.) 

RULE — The person to whose advantage or dis- 
advantage something is done is in the dative 
case. 

Ex. — Milites civibus oppidum tenuerunt. The 
soldiers held the town for the citizens. 

16. Special Verbs, (dative.) 

RULE — Most verbs meaning to benefit or injure, 
please or displease, command or obey, serve or 
resist, indulge, spare, threaten, pardon, believe, 
persuade, etc., take the dative case. 

Ex. — Responsum legato placuit. The response 
pleased the ambassador. 

17. Direct Object, (accusative.) 

RULE — The direct object of a verb is in the 

accusative case. 
Ex. — Puer tubam habet. The boy has a trumpet. 

18. Cognate Accusative. 

RULE — A noun used after an intransitive verb 
and denoting an idea similar to that of the 
verb is called a cognate accusative. 

Ex. — Milites pugnam pugnabant. The soldiers 
fought a battle. 

19. Predicate Accusative. 

RULE — Verbs of naming, choosing, making, 
esteeming, appointing, etc., may take two 
accusatives. 

Ex. — Virum legatum fecerunt. They made the 
man an ambassador. 



36 RULES OF SYNTAX 

20. Subject of an Infinitive, (accusative.) 

RULE — The subject of an infinitive is in the 

accusative case. 
Ex. — Dicit legatum esse Romanum. He says 

that the ambassador is a Roman. 

21. Time, (extent or duration.) 
Space, (extent.) 

RULE — Extent of time or of space is expressed 

by the accusative. 
Ex. — Sex horas pugnabant. They j ought six 

hours. 
Ex. — Pons erat quinquaginta pedes longus. The 

bridge was fifty feet long. 

22. Separation, (ablative.) 

RULE — A noun denoting that from which some- 
thing is taken is in the ablative case after 
simple verbs meaning to set free, deprive or 
want, but is preceded by the preposition a, (ab), 
de or e, (ex), after verbs compounded with 
these prepositions. 

Ex. — Cives metu liberati sunt. The citizens have 
been freed from fear. 

Ex. — Legatus ex urbe exeessit. The ambassador 
departed from the city. 

23. Agent, (ablative.) 

RULE — With a passive verb the agent is ex- 
pressed by a or ab with the ablative case. 

Ex.— Argentum a Bruto celabatur. The money 
was concealed by Brutus, 



RULES OF SYNTAX 37 

24. Comparison. 

RULE — When quam (than) is omitted, the 
second noun compared is in the ablative case 

Ex. — Equus est validior viro. The horse is 
stronger than the man. 

25. Manner, (ablative.) 

RULE — Manner is expressed by the ablative 
with cum; but cum is omitted when an adjec- 
tive modifies the noun. 

Ex. — Eques cum celeritate venit. The horseman 
came with speed. 

Ex. — Eques magna celeritate venit. The horse- 
man came with great speed. 

26. Means or Instrument, (ablative.) 

RULE — The means or the instrument with 
which something is done is in the ablative case. 

Ex. — Vir saxo vulneratus est. The man has 
been wounded with a stone. 

27. Cause, (ablative.) 

RULE — A noun denoting the reason for an act is 

in the ablative case. 
Ex. — Femina laetitia exsultat. The woman 

exults with joy. 

28. Accompaniment, (ablative.) 

RULE — Accompaniment is expressed by cum 

with the ablative case. 
Ex. — Dux cum militibus venit. The leader came 

with soldiers. 



38 RULES OF SYNTAX 



29. Degree of Difference, (ablative.) 

RULE — The degree in which one thing differs 
from another is expressed by the ablative case. 

Ex. — Puer erat paulo altior. The boy was a 
little [by a little] taller. 

30. Specification, (ablative.) 

RULE — A word denoting in what respect a thing 
is or is not true is in the ablative case. 

Ex. — Romani virtute praecedunt. The Romans 
excel in courage. 

31. Time (when or within which), (ablative.) 

RULE — A noun denoting time when or within 

which is in the ablative case. 
Ex. — Tertia die milites venerunt. On the third 

day the soldiers came. 

{Time within which may = in with the ablative.) 

32. Place (where), (ablative.) 

RULE — A noun denoting place where, is in the 
ablative case, preceded by in. Names of 
towns omit the preposition. 

Ex. — Milites in castris remanserunt. The soldiers 
remained in camp. 

33. Domus, Rus and Names of Towns. 

RULES — Express place from which by the abla- 
tive. 

Express place where by the locative. 

Express place to which by the accusa- 
tive. 

Note. — Use no preposition. 



RULES OF SYNTAX 39 



Ex. — Legatus Roma venit. The ambassador 
came from Rome. 

Ex. — Consul Cypri est. The consul is at Cyprus. 

Ex. — Dux Romam rediit. The leader has re- 
turned to Rome. 

34. Adjectives, (agreement.) 

RULE — An adjective agrees with the noun it 
modifies in Gender, Number and Case. 

Ex. — Legatus bonus filiam parvam habet. The 
good ambassador has a little daughter. 

35. Verbs, (agreement.) 

RULE — A verb agrees with its subject in Number 

and Person. 
Ex. — Legati gladios habent. The ambassadors 

have swords. 

36. Relative Pronoun. 

RULE — A Relative Pronoun agrees with its ante- 
cedent in Gender and Number, but its Case 
depends upon the syntax of the Pronoun in the 
clause in which it stands. 

Ex. — Ille est vir quern misi. That is the man 
whom / sent. 

37. Deponent Verbs. 

RULE — The Deponent Verbs utor, fruor, fungor, 
potior, vescor and their compounds take the 
ablative case. 

Ex. — Romani in bello sociis utebantur. The 
Romans used the allies in the war. 



40 INTRODUCTION TO THE VERBS 

INTRODUCTION TO THE VERBS. 

CONJUGATIONS. 

By Conjugation is meant the Inflection of a verb. 
There are five* regular conjugations. 

i st Conjugation has its Present Infinitive in are (seepage 42) 
2nd " " " " " " ere ( " " 54) 

3rd " " " " " " fire ( " " 94) 

4th " " " " " " ire ( " " 106) 

5th " " " " " " fire ( " " 124) 

MOODS, TENSES, etc. 
In Latin there aref 

1. FOUR MOODS: Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative, 
Infinitive. 

2. SIX TENSES : Present, Imperfect, Future, 

Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect. 

3. TWO VOICES: Active and Passive. 

4. TWO NUMBERS: Singular and Plural. 

5. THREE PERSONS: First, Second, Third. 

Note: The Gerund and the Supines are Verbal-Nouns. 
The Participles are Adjectives. 

Note: The Perfect and the Imperfect tenses both denote past 
time: the Perfect is used of a single act at a single time, the 
Imperfect denotes continuation or repetition. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

There are usually four Principal Parts to a verb : 
Present Indie. Present Infin. Perf. Ind. Act. Perf. Pass. Part. 
1st C. amo am are amavi amatum 

2nd C. moneo monere monui monitum 

3rd C. rego regere rexi rectum 

4 th C. audio audire audivi auditum 

These are called Principal Parts because they contain all the 
stems necessary to the complete conjugation of a verb. 

The Second Principal Part always shows to which conjugation a 
verb belongs. 

*The fifth conjugation is usually classified as "io*' verbs of the third conjuga- 
tion. 
tFor definitions of the terms that follow see the first pages of this book. 



INTRODUCTION TO THE VERBS 41 

The First Principal Part (if we drop the final vowel) always 
gives us the stem for the Present, the Imperfect and the Future 
tenses. 

The Third Principal Part (if we drop the final vowel) always 
gives us the stem for the Perfect, the Pluperfect, and the Future 
Perfect tenses, in the Active Voice. 

The Fourth Principal Part always gives us the stem for the 
Perfect, the Pluperfect, and the Future Perfect tenses, in the 
Passive Voice. 

TENSES: PRESENT SYSTEM AND PERFECT SYSTEM. 

The Present tense f Constitute the Present System, because 
" Imperfect " \ they use the Present stem {i.e., the first 
" Future " I Principal Part of the verb). 



The Perfect tense 
" Pluperf. 
" Future Perf. " 



Constitute the Perfect System, because 
they use the Perfect stems (i. e., the 
3rd and 4th Principal Parts of the verb) . 



PERSONAL ENDINGS. 

In English the Person is represented by a pronoun; I love, 
thou lovest, etc. 

In Latin the Person is represented by an ending. 



Active Voice 




Passive 


Voice. 


Sing. 


Plur. 


Sing. 


Plur 


m (0) 


mus 


r 


mur 


s 


tis 


ris (re) 


mini 


t 


nt 


tur 


ntur 



1 st Pers. 
2nd Pers. 
3rd Pers. 

The Perf. Indie, and the Imperative have special personal 
endings. 

FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 
Indicative: 

PRESENT: Pres. stem + characteristic vowel + Personal 
Endings. 

IMPERFECT: Pres. stem + characteristic vowel + ba + 
Personal Endings. 

Note: The student should be able, with a little help, to 
complete this table. 



42 



FIRST CONJUGATION 



79- 



FIRST CONJUGATION. 



A— VERBS. 

Amo (root am), to love. 
Principal Parts: Amo, amare, amavi, am a turn. 

INDICATIVE. 

ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. 

PRESENT. 

amo, / love, {am loving, do love) . amor, / am loved, {am being loved) . 

amas, thou lovest. amaris (-re) , thou art loved. 

amat, he {she, it) loves. amatur. he is loved. 

amamus, we love. amamur, we are loved. 

amatis, you love. amamini, you are loved. 

amant, they love. amantur, they are loved. 

IMPERFECT. 

amabam, / loved, {was loving) . amabar, / was loved. 
amabas, thou lovedst. 
amabat, he loved. 
amabamus, we loved. 
am abatis, you loved. 



amabant, they loved. 



amabo, I shall love. 
amabis, thou wilt love. 
amabit, he will love. 
amabimus, we shall love. 
amabitis, you will love. 
amabunt, they will love. 



amabaris (-re), thou wast loved. 
amabatur, he was loved. 
amabamur, we were loved. 
amabamini, you were loved. 
amabantur, they were loved. 

FUTURE. 

amabor, I shall be loved. 
amaberis (-re), thou wilt be loved. 
amabitur, he will be loved. 
amabimur, we shall be loved. 
amabimini, you will be loved. 
amabuntur, they will be loved. 



am a vi, / have loved. 
amavisti, thou hast loved. 
amavit, he has loved. 
amavimus, we have loved. 
amavistis, you have loved. 
amaverunt (-ere), they have loved. 



PERFECT. 

amatus, 



-a, -urn 



amati, 
-ae, -a 



isum, / have been I. 
es, thou hast been I. 
v est, he has been loved. 
{ sumuSyWe have been I. 
-' estis, you have been I. 
' sunt, they have been I. 



FIRST CONJUGATION 



43 



ACTIVE VOICE. 



PASSIVE VOICE. 



PLUPERFECT. 



amaveram, I had loved. 
amaveras, thou hadst loved. 
amaverat, he had loved. 
amaveramus, we had loved. 
amaveratis, you had loved. 
amaverant, they had loved. 



am at us, 



amati, 
-ae, -a 



eram, / had been I. 
ersiSythou hadst been I . 
erat, he had been I. 
eramus,w had been I. 
eratis, you had been I. 
erant, they had been I. 



FUTURE PERFECT. 



amavero, I shall have loved. 
amaveris, thou wilt have loved. 
amaverit, he will have loved. 
amaverimus, we shall have loved. 
amaveritis, you will have loved. 
amaverint, they will have loved. 



amatus, / ero ,7 shall have been I. 
-a, -um -j eris, thou wilt h., etc. 

i erit, he will have, etc. 
amati, / erim\is,we shall h, etc. 
-ae, -a -| eritis, you will h. , etc. 

( erunt, they will h, etc. 



SUBJUNCTIVE.* 

PRESENT. 



amem 


amemus 


amer 


amemur 


ames 


ametis 


ameris (-re) 


amemini 


amet 


ament 


ametur 


amentur 



IMPERFECT. 



amarem 
am ares 
amaret 



amaremus 

amaretis 

amarent 



amavenm amaverimus 
amaveris amaveritis 
amaverit amaverint 



amarer 
amareris (-re) 
amaretur 

PERFECT. 

amatus r sim 
-a, -um \ sis 
I sit 



amaremur 
amaremini 
amarentur 



amati r simus 
-ae, -a { sitis 
l sint 



amavissem 

amavisses 

amavisset 



PLUPERFECT, 
amavissemus amatus f essem amati r essemus 

-a -11m -i PccBc _oq _o I Ann^4.:» 



amavissetis 
amavissent 



-a, -um \ esses 
I esset 



-ae,-a •{ essetis 
I essent 



*Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the clauses in which they appear 



44 



FIRST CONJUGATION 



ACTIVE VOICE. 



PASSIVE VOICE. 



ama, love thou. 
am ate, love ye. 



amato, thou shall love. 
amato, he shall love. 
amatdte, you shall love. 
amanto, they shall love. 



IMPERATIVE. 



PRESENT 



am are, be thou loved. 
amaminl, be ye loved. 



FUTURE. 



amator, thou shall be loved. 
amator, he shall be loved \ 

amantor, they shall be loved. 



INFINITIVE. 

PRES. am arc, to love. amari, to be loved. 

PERF. amavisse, to have loved, amatus esse, to have been loved. 
FUT. amaturus esse, to be about amatum Iri, to be about to be 
to love. loved. 



PARTICIPLES. 



PRES. amans, -antis, loving. 

FUT. amaturus, -a, -urn, about GER. amandus, -a, -um, to be 



to love. 



loved. 
PERF. amatus, -a, -um, hav- 
ing been loved. 



G. amandl, of loving. 
D. amand6, for loving. 
Ac. amandum, loving. 
Ab. amand6, by loving. 



GERUND. 

1 

I 

\ These forms are used as nouns. 

J 



Ac. amatum, to love. 



SUPINE. 

Ab. amatu, to be loved. 



FIRST CONJUGATION 



45 



80. SOME VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 
Principal Parts. 

Pres. hid. Pres. Inf. Perf. hid. P. P.P.N * Meaning. 
accelero accelerare acceleravi acceleratum to hasten 
accuso accusare accusavi accusatum to accuse 
aedifico aedificare aedificavi aedificatum to build 
agito agitare agitavi agitatum to agitate 
armo arm are armavi arm a turn to arm 
celo celare cglavi celatum to conceal 

cogito cogitare cogitavi cogitatum to plan 
conloco conlocare conlocavi conlocatum to place 
consulto consultare consultavi consultatum to consult 
convoco convocare convocavi convocatum to call together 



creo 


ere are 


ere a vi 


creatum 


to create 


decerto 


decertare 


decertavi 


decertatum 


to fight 


enuntio 


enuntiare 


enuntiavi 


enuntiatum 


to announce 


excito 


excitare 


excitavi 


excitatum 


to rouse 


fugo 


fugare 


fugavi 


fug a turn 


to rout 


invito 


in vi tare 


invitavi 


in vita turn 


to invite 


laboro 


labor are 


laboravi 


laboratum 


to work 


laudo 


laud are 


laudavi 


laudatum 


to praise 


oppugno oppugnare oppugnavi oppugnatum^o storm 


probS 


probare 


probavi 


probatum 


to approve 


pugno 


pugnare 


pugnavi 


pugnatum 


to fight {battle) 


specto 


spectare 


spectavi 


spectatum 


to look at 


supero 


superare 


superavi 


superatum 


to conquer 


voco 


vocare 


vocavi 


vocatum 


to call 


vulnero 


vulnerare 


vulneravi 


vulneratum 


to wound 


crepo 


crepare 


crepui 


crepitum 


to resound 


do 


dare 


dedi 


datum 


to give 



* Perfect Passive Participle, neuter. 



46 



FIRST CONJUGATION 



juvo 


juvare 


juvi 


jutum 


to help 


seco 


secare 


secui 


sectum 


to cut 


sto 


stare 


steti 


statum 


to stand 


veto 


vetare 


vetui 


vetitum 


to forbid 



81. 



PRACTICE ON AMO. 



Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of 
each form and translate wherever possible.* 

21. amabit 41. amati sitis 

22. amati sumus 42. amabimini 

23. amaveritis 43. ames 



1. amo 

2. amabunt 

3. amati essent 

4. ama 

5. amaremini 

6. amatus es 

7. amor 

8. ament 

9. amatus ero 

10. amatus sit 

11. amabant 

12. amamini 

13. amaverint 

14. amarer 

15. am aver as 

16. amabimus 

17. amate 

18. am a turn 

19. amati erunt 

20. amavisse 



24. amaberis 

25. amans 

26. amatur 

27. amati estis 

28. amem 

29. amator 

30. amabantur 

31. ametur 



44. amavissem 

45. amati eramus 

46. amato 

47. amabaris 

48. amati sunt 

49. amari 

50. amemur 

51. amabo 



32. amavissemus 52. amatu 

33. amatus erat 53. amaverunt 

34. amemur 54. amas 

35. amatumiri 55. amaverimus 

36. amatus esses 56. amatus esse 

37. amabamur 57. amabas 

38. amanto 58. amaveratis 

39. amare 59. amatus eris 

40. amatis 60. amavi 



^Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the context. 



FIRST CONJUGATION 



47 



82. 



PRACTICE ON AMO. 



Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of 
each form and translate. 



1. he has been loved. 

2. thou art loved. 

3. you have been loved. 

4. they shall love. 

5. you are loved. 

6. I shall have loved. 

7. love thou. 

8. they will love. 

9. to have loved. 

10. you were loved. 

11. he had been loved. 

12. thou hast loved. 

13. I love. 



31. thoulovedst. 

32. thou wilt have been loved 

33. he shall love. 

34. they are loved. 

35. he has loved. 

36. being about to love. 

37. we shall love. 

38. they will have loved. 

39. he was loved. 

40. you loved. 

41. be thou loved. 

42. I have been loved. 

43. we had loved. 



14. they will have been loved. 44. they loved. 



15. you had loved. 

16. I was loved. 

17. I shall beloved. 

18. we shall be loved. 

19. we have loved. 

20. I had loved. 

21. he had loved. 

22. to have been loved. 

23. love ye. 

24. he will have been loved. 

25. I shall love. 

26. you had been loved. 

27. to love. 

28. he loves. 

29. they have been loved. 

30. be ye loved. 



45. he shall be loved. 

46. he will be loved. 

47. loving. 

48. I had been loved. 

49. we love. 

50. they have loved. 

51. he will love. 

52. to be loved. 

53. they were loved. 

54. he will have loved. 

55. we had been loved. 

56. we shall have been loved. 

57. they love. 

58. of loving. 

59. they will be loved. 

60. we shall have loved. 



48 FIRST CONJUGATION 

EXERCISES.* 

armo, fugo, pugno, supero, vulnero. 

83. 1. Signiferi Romae in oppido pugnant. 2. Mag- 
num numerum virorum sagittis vulnerabunt. 3. Servi 
a viris gladiis scutisque armati .sunt. 4. Barbari viros 
oppidi fugaverunt. 5. Liberi feminae gladio vulnerati 
erant. 6. Servi pro magistris pugnabunt. 7. Dominus 
telis servos armaverit. 8. Viri in agris provinciae 
pugnabant. 9. Filia Bruti a legato vulnerata est. 10. 
Pugnabitne contra viros Galliae? 

84. 1. The friends of Brutus will fight against the 
slaves. 2. They will have been armed with a sword and 
a javelin. 3. Brutus and the ambassadors had wounded 
the men. 4. The slave has been armed with a sword and 
a javelin. 5. They have routed the friends of the ambas- 
sador. 6. A great number of boys were wounded by the 
men. 7. The horse of the ambassador has been wounded 
in the town. 8. I shall conquer the friends and the 
slaves of Brutus. 9. Has he wounded the boy? 10. They 
will have fought in behalf of their friends. 

EXERCISES, 
cogito, creo, laboro, laudo, voco. 

85. 1. Deus mundum creavit. 2. Populus Romae 
legatos laudat. 3. Barbari de bello cogitabunt. 4. 
Brutus ad castrum viros vocaverat. 5. Servi pro 
magistris laborant. 6. Viri a legato ad conloquium 
vocabantur. 7. Praesidium ex castro vocatum est. 8. 
Equi Barbarorum in oppido laboraverant. 9. Modestia 
servi ab arbitro laudatur. 10. Natura insulas creavit. 

*The student should first study Rules of Syntax 23, 26, 27, 
a8, on pages 36 and 37. 



FIRST CONJUGATION 49 

86. 1. The ambassadors are working in behalf of the 
men. 2. God has created the eyes of men. 3. The 
modesty of the girl had been praised by the master. 4. 
They have called the fugitives into the fort. 5. The 
Barbarians will plan war. 6. The boys have been 
praised by the men. 7. He will plan a conference in the 
town. 8. Brutus had called the fugitives to a confer- 
ence. 9. Through the nature of the place an island has 
been created. 10. The Barbarians will have worked for 
the men of Rome. 

EXERCISES, 
accelero, convoco, excito, probo, specto. 

87. 1. Feminae provinciae ad locum acceleraverunt. 
2. Barbari arma fugitivorum spectant. 3. Romani 
fugitivos Galliae convocaverant. 4. Viri sub castro 
flammas excitabunt. 5. Consilium feminarum a Bar- 
baris probatum erat. 6. Fugitivos contra populum 
excitaverit. 7. Numerus equorum a viris spectatus 
erat. 8. Ad essedam viri accelerabat. 9. Legati ob 
dolum excitati erant. 10. Equum Romani spectat. 

88. 1 . The fugitive was looking at the sword of Brutus. 
2. They will call together the women of Gaul. 3. 
Brutus hastened to the town with the fugitives. 4. The 
Barbarians will be roused by the ambassadors. 5. 
Brutus has been called to a conference. 6. The good 
fortune of the battle has roused the Romans. 7. The 
judge will approve the punishment of the boys. 8. He 
hastens to a conference in the town. 9. The ambassador 
looked toward the fort of the town. 10. Will he approve 
the plan? 



50 FIRST CONJUGATION 

EXERCISES, 
accuso, agito, conloco, enuntio, oppugno. 

89. 1. Consilium Helvetiis per indicium enuntiatum 
est. 2. Brutus prope oppidum Barbarorum castra 
conlocavit. 3. Fugitivos accusabo. 4. Roma a fugitivis 
oppugnata erat. 5. Responsum feminae Bruto enun- 
tiabitur. 6. Oppidum Barbarorum oppugnant. 7. 
Legatus fatum virorum enuntiabit. 8. Castra Bar- 
barorum in foro conlocata erant. 9. Praesidium popu- 
lum agitabit. 10. Nuntii Bruti praemium enuntiaverint. 

90. 1. The Romans are placing the camp in the town. 

2. The plan of the war has been announced by Brutus. 

3. He will storm the town. 4. The people are agitated on 
account of the war. 5. Brutus was accused by the 
fugitives. 6. The response of Brutus will be announced 
to the people. 7. The women are rousing the men of 
Gaul. 8. The men of Rome had stormed the fort of the 
ambassador. 9. Will he accuse Brutus? 10. The 
woman announced to the people the fate of the man. 

EXERCISES, 
aedifico, celo, consulto, decerto, invito. 

91. 1. Romani in oppido forum aedificabunt. 2. 
Legatus cum Bruto de bello consultavit. 3. Ad con- 
loquium invitata erat. 4. Fugitivi contra viros decerta- 
verint. 5. Arma in carris celabantur. 6. Nuntii in 
castro oppidi celati sunt. 7. Cum Bruto in pugna 
decertabo. 8. Essedae Romanis aedificabantur. 9. De 
viris cum nostris sociis consultamus. 10. Argentum 
celatur. 



FIRST CONJUGATION 51 

92. 1. They have concealed the wagons behind the 
fort. 2. The messenger of Rome will be invited to a 
conference. 3. He is building a fort near the town of the 
Barbarians. 4. The women were consulted bv the men. 

J 

5. Brutus had fought with the men in the camp. 6. A 
number of men are concealed in the town. 7. The mes- 
sengers had not invited the friends of Brutus. 8. A wall 
had been built around the camp. 9. They will have 
taken counsel concerning war. 10. The fugitives fought 
with swords in the forum. 



EXERCISES, 
crepo, do, juvo, seco, sto, veto. 

93. 1. Brutus legato filiam in matrimonium dedit. 2. 
Vir fugitivos juvabit. 3. Digitus viri gladio sectus est. 
4. Nuntii cum gladiis in foro steterant. 5. Numerus 
scutorum fugitivis datus erit. 6. Vetabo conatum. 7. 
Populus a Romanis juvatur. 8. Consilium vetitum est. 
9. Fugitivos argento juvat. • 10. Poculum avo dabatur. 

94. 1. She has given a shield to the man. 2. The 
women will not aid the men of Gaul. 3. The wood has 
been cut by the men. 4. The ambassador is standing 
before the gate of the town. 5. A number of trumpets 
had been given to the standard-bearers. 6. The people 
are standing in the forum. 7. The words of the people 
helped the ambassador. 8. They had placed the stones 
into the wall of the town. 9. The arms of the men have 
been cut with knives. 10. I shall give a horse to Brutus. 



52 FIRST CONJUGATION 



REVIEW EXERCISES. 

95. 1. Viri oppidi sagittis pilisque vulnerabantur. 
2. Amici nuntii extra port am alt am oppidi magni 
steterant. 3. Responsum dignum viri captivi populo 
Romano enuntiatum est. 4. Amici mali Bruti bonos 
viros Galliae superant. 5. Legati captivi a Romanis in 
castro novo conlocabuntur. 6. In oppido parvo prope 
Romam magnum numerum virorum celabimus. 7. 
Gener viri gladio novo contra nuntium pugnavit. 8. 
Oppida multa et magna Italiae a Romanis oppugnata 
erant. 9. Fugitivi pilis longis servos multos armaverunt. 
10. Viri multi amicos legati novi non juvabunt. 11. 
Puella parva a magistro bono laudatur. 12. Populus 
amicus oppidi legato bono dona grata dat. 

96. 1. Skilful men have hastened to the new fort of 
the town. 2. The captive men have been armed with 
many new weapons by friends. 3. Many large war- 
chariots are being built for the Romans. 4. I shall call 
together to a conference the captive ambassadors of 
Rome. 5. The bad messengers will rouse the slaves 
with their words. 6. The friendly Barbarians had been 
accused by the bad men. 7. They were helping many 
worthy men of the provinces of Gaul. 8. The men of 
the ancient town of Gaul have been conquered by the 
Romans. 9. The good master gives a large new book to 
the dear child. 10. We shall aid the captive slaves with 
money and weapons. 11. Has he accused the boy? 12. 
The Romans were concealing the silver and the gold in a 
new place. 



FIRST CONJUGATION 53 



REVIEW EXERCISES. 

97. 1. Magnus numerus fugitivonm ad castrum 
novum oppidi accelerat. 2. Viri Romae gladiis longis 
servos amicos armaverunt. 3. Barbari propter peri- 
culum amicorum agitabantur. 4. Romani in foro 
Romae statuam Minervae conlocabunt. 5. Nuntii amici 
a Romanis ad conloquium secundum convocati sunt. 6. 
Fatum Bruti viris enuntiaveram. 7. Viri captivi gla- 
diis contra Romanos pugnaverant. 8. Vallum longum 
circum oppidum aedificabunt. 9. Servi defessi a pueris 
bonis legati laudabantur. 10. Praemia magna a Bruto 
nuntiis data sunt. 11. Vir in magno numero locorum 
argentum celaverat. 12. Responsum gratum datum est. 

98. 1. The bad men are armed with many long 
swords and javelins. 2. The Romans will not conquer 
the men of the ancient town of Gaul. 3. He has aided 
the good friends of Brutus with gifts of money. 4. The 
dear child of the Roman had been wounded with a broad 
sword. 5. Labienus is storming a large town in the new 
province. 6. The men contended with swords and 
knives. 7. The women were standing under the high 
wall of the large town. 8. I shall look at the beautiful 
gifts of the famous ambassador of Rome. 9. The people 
had accused the bad messengers of the Barbarians. 10. 
The new war-chariots have been placed together in a level 
place. 11. He is calling together the men of the new 
province to a conference. 12. He stood on the high wall 
of the town. 



54 SECOND CONJUGATION 

99. SECOND CONJUGATION. 

E— VERBS. 

Moned (root mon), to warn. 
Principal Parts : moneo, monere, monui, monitum. 

INDICATIVE. 

ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. 

PRESENT. 

moneo, / warn {am warning, do) moneor,/ am warned {am being w. 

mones, thou warnest. moneris (-re), thou art warned. 

monet, he warns. monStur, he is warned. 

monemus, we warn. monemur, we are warned. 

monetis, you warn. moneminl, you are warned. 

monent, they warn. monentur, they are warned. 

IMPERFECT. 

monebam, I warned {was iv'ing) monebar, / was warned. 

mongbas, thou warnedst. monebaris, (-re) thou wast w. 

monSbat, he warned. monSbatur, he was warned. 

monfibamus, we wanted. monSbamur, we were warned. 

monSbatis, you warned. monfibaminl, you were warned. 

monSbant, they warned. monSbantur, tJtey were warned. 

FUTURE. 

monebo, / shall warn. monebor, / shall be warned. 

monfcbis, thou wilt ivarn. monfiberis (-re), thou wilt be w. 

monSbit, he will warn. monebitur, he will be warned. 

monSbimus, we shall warn. monebimur, we shall be warned. 

monSbitis, you will warn. monSbiminl, you will be warned. 

mongbunt, they will warn. monSbuntur, they will be warned. 

PERFECT. 

monui, / have warned. monitus / sum, / have been warned. 

monuisti, thou hast warned. -a, -um, -j es, thou hast been wanted. 

monuit, he has warned. ' est, he has been warned. 

monuimus, we have warned', moniti 1 sumus, we have been w. 

monuistis, you have warned, -ae, -a. \ estis, you have been w. 

monufcrunt (re) ,they have w. ' sunt, they have been iv. 



SECOND CONJUGATION 



55 



ACTIVE VOICE. 



PASSIVE VOICE. 



PLUPERFECT. 



monueram, / had warned. 
monueras, tlwu hadst warned. 
monuerat, he had warned. 
monueramus, we had warned. 
monueratis, you had warned. 
monuerant, they had warned. 



monitus L eram, / had been w. 
-a,-um i eras, thou hadst been ic. 

[ erat, he had been w. 
monitl, [ eramus, wehadbcenw. 
-ae, - a \ eratis, you had been w. 
[ erant, they had been w. 



FUTURE PERFECT. 

monuero, / shall have warned. monitus { eio,/ shall have been w. 
monueris, thou will I have warned. -a,-um. \ eris, thou wilt h. b. w. 
monuerit, he will have warned. [ erit, he will have h. b. w. 

monuerimus, we shall have w. monitl [ erimus, we shall h.b. w. 
monueritis, you will have warned, -ae, -a. *! eritis, you will h. b. w. 
monuerint, they will have warned. [ erunt, they will h.b. w. 





SUBJUNCTIVE.* 








PRESENT. 






moneam 


moneamus monear 




moneamur 


moneas 


moneatis monearis (- 


■re) 


moneamini 


moneat 


moneant moneatur 
IMPERFECT. 




moneantur 


monerem 


moneremus monerer 




moneremur 


monfcrfcs 


moneretis monereris ( 


-re) 


monerSmini 


mon§ret 


mongrent moneretur 
PERFECT. 




monerentur 


monuerim 


monuerimus monitus r 


sim 


monitl r simi 


monueris 


monueritis -a,-um \ 


sis 


-ae, -a •{ sitis 


monuerit 


monuerint I 


sit 


I sint 



PLUPERFECT, 
monuissem monuissemus monitus f essem monitl r essemus 
monuiss€s monuiss€tis -a, um -j esses -ae, -a <{ essStis 

^ esset 



monuisset monuissent 



I essent 



* Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the clauses in which th- v stand. 



56 



SECOND CONJUGATION 



ACTIVE VOICE. 



mone, warn thou. 
monete, warn ye. 



PASSIVE VOICE. 
IMPERATIVE. 

PRESENT. 

monere, be thou warned. 
monemini, be ye warned. 



FUTURE. 

moneto, thou shalt warn. monetor, thou shalt be warned. 

moneto, he shall warn. monetor, he shall be warned. 

monetote, you shall warn. 



monento, they shall warn. 



monentcr, they shall be warned. 



INFINITIVE. 

PRES. monere, to ivarn. moneri, to be warned. 

PERF. monuisse, to have warned. monitus esse, to have been 

ivarned. 
FUT. moniturus esse, to be monitum in, to be about to be 
about to warn. warned. 



PARTICIPLES. 



PRES. monens, -entis, warning. 
FUT. moniturus, -a, -um, about 
to warn. 



GER. monendus, -a, -um, to 
be warned. 

PERF. monitus, -a,-um, hav- 
ing been warned. 



GERUND. 



G. monendi, of warning. 
D. monendo, for warning. 
Ac. monendum, warning. 
Ab. monendo, by warning. 



These forms are 
used as nouns. 



Ac. monitum, to warn. 



SUPINE. 

Ab. monitu, to be warned. 



SECOND CONJUGATION 



57 



ioo. SOME VERBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 






Principal Parts. 




Pres. Ind. 


Pres. Inf. 


Perf. Ind 


. P.P.P.N.* 


Meaning 


coerceo 


coercere 


coercui 


coercitum 


— to check 


debeo 


debere 


debui 


debitnm 


— to owe 


exerceo 


exercere 


exercuT 


exercitum 


— to exercise 


habeo 


habere 


habui 


habitum 


— to have 


moneo 


monere 


monuT 


monitum 


—to warn 


placeo 


placere 


placui 


placitum 


— to please 


prohibeo 


prohibere 


prohibui 


prohibitum 


— to keep from 


praebeo 


praebere 


praebuT 


praebitum 


— to furnish 


taceo 


tacere 


tacui 


taciturn 


— to keep silent 


terreo 


terrere 


terrui 


territum 


— to frighten 


augeo 


augere 


auxT 


auctum 


— to increase 


commoveo 


commovere 


commovT commotum 


— to arouse 


deleo 


delere 


delevi 


deletum 


— to destroy 


detineo 


detinere 


detinuT 


detentum 


—to detain 


dissuadeo 


dissuadere 


dissuasi 


dissuasum 


— to dissuade 


doceo 


docere 


docui 


doctum 


— to teach 


faveo 


favere 


favi 


fautum 


— to favor 


fleo 


flere 


flevi 


fietum 


— to weep 


jubeo 


jubere 


jussT 


jussum 


— to order 


maneo 


manere 


mans! 


mansum 


— to stay 


obsideo 


obsidere 


obsedi 


obsessum 


— to besiege 


obtineo 


obtinere 


obtimri 


obtentum 


— to obtain 


persuadeo 


persuadere 


persuasi 


persuasum 


— to persuade 


possideo 


possidere 


possedi 


possessum 


— to occupy 


pro video 


providere 


providi 


pro visum 


— to provide 


remaneo 


remanere 


remans! 


remansum 


— to remain 


removeo 


removere 


removT 


remotum 


— to remove 


teneo 


tenere 


tenuT 


tentum 


— to hold 


timeo 


timere 


timui 




— to fear 


video 


videre 


vidT 


visum 


— to see 



* Perfect Passive Participle, neuter. 



58 



SECOND CONJUGATION 



IOI. 



PRACTICE ON MONEO. 



Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of 
each form and translate wherever possible.* 



i. monet 

2. monSbant 

3. moneam 

4. mone 

5. monuissem 

6. monere 

7. monuerat 

8. moneri 

9. monuerim 

10. moneo 

11. moneant 

12. moneto 

13. monuerunt 

14. monerent 

15. monitum 

16. monitus 

17. monebor 

18. monebamus 

19. monuisse 

20. monebitis 



21. monuissetis 41. monento 

22. moneremim 42. monebar 

23. monuimus 43. moniti eratis 

24. moneamini 44. monuisset 

25. moneberis 45. monetis 

26. monebaris 46. moneretis 

27. moniturusesse47. monueramus 

28. monitus sim 48. monerem 

29. monent 49. monebo 

30. monuerimus 50. monitus esses 

31. monebimim 51. monemini 

32. moniti essent 52. monitus esse 

33. monitus eram 53. moniti sunt 

34. monitu 54. monereris 

35. monebantur 55. monuerint 

36. monueris 56. mones 



37. monitus 

38. monitus sit 

39. monui 

40. moneamur 



57. monemur 

58. moniti essetis 

59. monuistis 

60. moniti simus 



*Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the context. 



SECOND CONJUGATION 



59 



102. 



PRACTICE ON MONEO. 



Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of 
each form and translate. 

be ye warned. 

he is warned. 

you were warned. 

he has warned. 

you were warning. 

they shall warn. 

he shall be warned. 

you will be warned. 

they have warned. 

we had been warned. 

they will warn. 

thou wilt warn. 

I was warned. 

he warns. 

they were warning. 

he has been warned. 

thou dost warn. 

warning. 

warn thou. 

we had warned. 

they will have warned. 

I am warned. 

they were warned. 

we have warned. 

he had been warned. 

by warning. 

be ye warned. 

we warn . 

we shall have been warned, 

to be warned. 



i. I have warned. 


3i. 


2. you have been warned. 32. 


3. I shall have warned. 


33- 


4. he was warned. 


34- 


5. to have warned. 


35- 


6. you had warned. 


36. 


7. we shall be warned. 


37. 


8. he had warned. 


38. 


9. you warn. 


39- 


10. 1 was warned. 


40. 


11. to warn. 


41. 


12. for warning. 


42. 


13. thou wast warned. 


43- 


14. he shall warn. 


44. 


15. you have warned. 


45- 


16. being about to warn. 


46. 


17. we are warned. 


47- 


18. he was warned. 


48. 


19. I have been warned. 


49. 


20. they sltall be warned. 


50. 


21. I had been warned. 


51. 


22. he will warn. 


52. 


23. he will have warned. 


53. 


24. they warn. 


54- 


25. he was warning. 


55- 


26. we shall have warned. 


56. 


27. you are warned. 


57- 


28. I had warned. 


58. 


29. you will warn. 


59- 


30. I shall warn. 


60. 



60 SECOND CONJUGATION 

EXERCISES. 

coerceo, debeo, exerceo, habeo, moneo. 

103. 1. Amicos viri gladiis coercebant. 2. Vir scu- 
tum magnum et novum habet. 3. Equi in agris a servis 
exercebantur. 4. Vitas validis viris oppidi debemus. 
5. Legati Galliae a populo Romae moniti erant. 6. 
Nuntii cum viris conloquium habuerint. 7. Servi periti 
equos Barbarorum coercuerunt. 8. Populus oppidi a 
nuntio monebitur. 9. Habetne in carro argentum? 10, 
Equus legati in foro exercitus est. 

104. 1. He has much silver in the large wagon. 2. 
The women of the town will be warned by the messenger. 

3. You were exercising the horse of the man in the field. 

4. The children had had many books. 5. The people 
of the town owe their lives to the good messengers. 6. 
The men of Rome had been exercised in the large forum. 

7. The women will be warned of the danger by the men. 

8. He will have had a great number of long arrows. 9. 
The men were held in check through the man's words. 
10. I shall warn the fugitives. 

EXERCISES, 
prohibeo, taceo, terreo, augeo, commoveo. 

105. 1. Servi feminam injuria Barbarorum prohibe- 
bant. 2. Legatus populum oppidi commovebit. 3. 
Fugitivi fato virorum territi sunt. 4. Filia viri in oppido 
Barbarorum tacuerat. 5. Viri Romae verbis nuntii ter- 
rebuntur. 6. Legatus numerum equorum auget. 7. 
Nuntius oppido a servis Bruti prohibetur. 8. Fugitivos 
Galliae verbis commoverit. 9. Socii a Barbaris telis 
territi erunt. 10. Odium Romanorum verbis legati 
augebatur. 



SECOND CONJUGATION 61 

106. i. The Romans will terrify the men in the new 
colony of Gaul. 2. They had kept silent on account of 
the response of the messenger. 3. They protected the 
man from the injury of the Romans. 4. The fate of the 
man frightened the fugitives. 5. The number of horses 
was increased by the allies. 6. The men will be roused 
by the treachery of the Romans. 7. The woman had 
been kept out of the camp of Brutus. 8. The ambas- 
sadors have been frightened by the Romans with harsh 
words. 9. The friends of the man are alarmed on ac- 
count of the danger. 10. The son of the ambassador 
has increased the number of wagons. 

EXERCISES, 
deleo, detineo, dissuadeo, doceo, faveo. 

107. 1. Fugitivi essedam nuntii delent. 2. Pueri a 
genero legati docebantur. 3. Consilium feminae a viris 
favebitur. 4. Oppida Italiae bello deleta sunt. 5. 
Gener legati a conato dissuadetur. 6. Favebit genero 
legati Romani. 7. Magistri Alias Romanorum docue- 
runt. 8. Viri nuntios Romanos detinuerunt. 9. Flam- 
mae portas oppidi deleverant. 10. Nuntii Barbarorum 
a fugitivis detenti erant. 

108. 1. The plan was favored by many Barbarians. 
2. The people were destroying the chariots and arms of 
the messenger. 3. He has been dissuaded by the words 
of the men. 4. The eyes of the man had been destroyed 
with arrows. 5. The son of the Roman was favored by 
the people. 6. The daughter of the farmer will be 
taught by a man of the town. 7. The men had been de- 
tained on the road. 8. I shall destroy with war the 
small towns of the colony. 9. He has been detained in 
the camp of the Romans. 10. The children are being 
taught by friends. 



62 SECOND CONJUGATION 

EXERCISES. 

fleo, jubeo, maneo, obsideo, obtineo. 

109. i. Esseda legati in foro remansit. 2. Oppidum 
telis a fugitivis obsidetur. 3. In regno Gallorum viri 
remanserunt. 4. Vicus a sociis Romae possidebitur. 5. 
Feminae propter fatum virorum flebant. 6. Nuntius 
magnum numerum carrorum obtinuerat. 7. Barbari 
templa oppidi obsederant. 8. Films legati Romam 
obsidebit. 9. Filiae feminarum in carro manserant. 10. 
Populus propter socios flebat. 

no. 1. The Romans besieged the place with many 
weapons. 2. The townsmen had remained in the fields 
outside the town. 3. The messenger has given orders 
to the slaves. 4. The fort of the place is held by the 
townsmen. 5. Brutus was weeping on account of the 
fate of his friends. 6. The gates of Rome will be be- 
sieged by the men of the colony. 7. The women will 
remain in the place with the slaves. 8. They were be- 
sieged in the high place by the townsmen. 9. They had 
wept on account of the words of the messenger. 10. 
The place has been held by the friends of the man. 

in. STUDY RULE OF SYNTAX 16, PAGE 35. 

EXERCISES. 

persuadeo, placeo, possideo, praebeo, provideo. 

112. 1. Viri oppidi fugitivis cibum praebuerunt. 2. 
Feminae verbis nuntii placebuntur. 3. Provinciae a 
Gallis possidebantur. 4. Liberi a magistro persuasi 
erant. 5. Praebebant servis gladios scutaque. 6. 
Arma fugitivis provisa erunt. 7. Victoria viris femi- 
nisque Romae placuit. 8. Nuntius oppidanis persuasit. 
9. Romani prope oppidum latum locum planum possi- 
debant. 10. Providebant fatum virorum. 



SECOND CONJUGATION 6' 



a 



113. i. The allies of Rome were persuaded by the 
words of the messenger. 2. The messenger will be 
pleased with the response of the people. 3. The Bar- 
barians had occupied a place near the town. 4. Arms 
have been furnished to the fugitives. 5. The men of 
the province provided war-chariots. 6. The swords and 
the shields were pleasing to the men of Aquitania. 7. 
The women will furnish water for the wounded men. 8. 
The town in the new colony has been occupied by the 
fugitives. 9. I shall persuade the children of the am- 
bassador. 10. The people are providing food and arms. 

EXERCISES, 
remaneo, removeo, teneo, timeo, video. 

114. 1. Praesidium Romanum oppida et vicos Aqui- 
taniae tenebat. 2. Oppidani odium virorum Romae 
timent. 3. Legatus in castris Bruti remanebit. 4. 
Magnus numerus fugitivorum a vallis oppidi videbatur. 
5. Nuntius fatum sociorum in memoria tenuit. 6. Tela 
ex carris a servis remota erant. 7. Romani insidium 
Barbarorum timuerunt. 8. Oppidani intra portas op- 
pidi remanent. 9. Magnus numerus equorum in loco 
visus erat. 10. Romani vicos Galliae tenebunt. 

115. 1. The crowd feared the Romans and their arms. 
2. The money was seen by the Barbarians. 3. The 
women of Rome have kept in memory the fate of the 
men. 4. The fugitives and the children will remain in 
the village. 5. I had seen a great number of horses 
near the town. 6. Do the Romans fear the garrison of 
the town? 7. The fort was held by the townsmen. 8. 
The fugitives had seen the war-chariots of the Romans. 
9. The allies will have remained in the camp of the Ro- 
mans. 10. The arms were removed from the villages of 
Italy. 



64 SECOND CONJUGATION 

REVIEW EXERCISES. 

116. i. Amici virorum in carro magno tela multa 
habuerunt. 2. Odium populi Romae verbis nuntii 
augebatur. 3. Monebo legatum contra insidium Gal- 
lorum. 4. Magnus numerus fugitivorum tacet. 5. 
Conatum Barbarorum a bonis sociis Romae coercebitur. 
6. Magna oppida coloniae bello deleta erunt. 7. Magnus 
numerus servorum ab amicis viri commovetur. 8. 
Romani in foro Romae amicos Barbarorum detinuerunt. 
9. Filiae f eminarum Romanarum in oppido amici reman - 
serint. 10. Liberi ex colonia a bonis magistris Romae 
docti erant. 11. Equus Romani a servo exercitus est. 
12. Filius legati multas sagittas longas et scuta magna 
obtinuerat. 

117. 1. The men will have seen the large supply of 
weapons in the town. 2. The town is being held by the 
allies of Rome on account of the war. 3. The victory 
pleased the Romans on account of the large supply of 
booty. 4. The townsmen were persuaded by the words 
of the allies. 5. Water and food had been furnished to 
the children of the fugitives. 6. Brutus is removing his 
chariots from the road to the forum of the town. 7. The 
hatred of the Barbarians will have been feared by the 
allies of Rome. 8. The towns of the province had been 
besieged by the men of Gaul. 9. The danger of the men 
in the fields will frighten the women in the town. 10. 
The camp of the Barbarians will be occupied by the 
allies of Rome. 11. The victory of the Romans has 
increased the danger of the allies of Gaul. 12. The 
friends of Brutus have been warned by the slaves in the 
town. 



SECOND CONJUGATION 65 



REVIEW EXERCISES. 

118. i. Legatus Romae verbis amicorum monebatur. 
2. Responsum sociorum odium Romanorum auxit. 3. 
Liberi agricolarum a feminis periculo prohibebuntur. 4. 
Pueri magnum numerum scutorum atque sagittas longas 
habuerant. 5. Castra sociorum ab oppidanis a vallo 
oppidi videntur. 6. Romanus propter fatum liberorum 
servos tenet. 7. Nova copia carrorum a nuntio obtenta 
erat. 8. Oppida coloniae insidio sociorum delebantur. 
9. Praebebo fugitivis servisque cibum et tela. 10. Li- 
beri agricolarum in oppido a magistro docti erunt. 11. 
Amici legati Romani tacuerunt. 12. Victoria Romano- 
rum oppidanos terruerit. 

119. 1. The Romans will provide horses and chariots 
for the allies. 2. The silver was removed from the 
wagon into the fort of the town. 3. The men of the 
colony had silver and gold in the forum. 4. I shall keep 
in memory the response of the Roman allies. 5. A large 
number of the villages of Gaul will have been occupied by 
the fugitives. 6. The people of Rome see the chariots 
of the allies in the forum. 7. The children of the allies 
have been taught by men of Rome. 8. They have 
checked the Barbarians by a victory in the province. 9. 
The women of the village will be persuaded by the words 
of the men. 10. The man had increased the supply of 
food with the aid of the woman. 11. A large number of 
books had been provided for the children. 12. Swords 
and shields are being furnished to the slaves by the 
townsmen. 



66 




REVIEW 






120. 


VOCABULARY REVIEW. 


Give the meaning of each of the 


following words. 


Give the declension and gender 


of each noun. 


i. lauds 


3i. 


prohibeS 


61. 


socius 


2. praebeS 


32. 


accuso 


62. 


arma 


3. fugS 


33- 


debeS 


63. 


captivus 


4. places 


34. 


enuntiS 


64. 


conloquium 


5. taceS 


35- 


secS 


65. 


periculum 


6. invito 


36. 


coerceo 


66. 


oculus 


7. decertS 


37- 


excitS 


67. 


bracchium 


8. exerceo 


38. 


deleS 


68. 


clarus 


9. vulnerS 


39- 


accelerS 


69. 


fa turn 


10. agitS 


40. 


labSrS 


70. 


Deus 


11. augeS 


41. 


habeS 


7i. 


puella 


12. do 


42. 


terreS 


72. 


aurum 


13. oppugns 


43- 


probS 


73. 


asper 


14. removes 


44. 


moneS 


74- 


injuria 


15. crepS 


45- 


vets 


75- 


vita 


16. remaneo 


46. 


aedincS 


76. 


nuntius 


17. arms 


47- 


possideS 


77. 


argentum 


18. times 


48. 


stS 


78. 


natura 


19. juvS 


49. 


teneS 


79- 


locus 


20. provideo 


50. 


videS 


80. 


consilium 


21. maneS 


5i. 


conlocS 


81. 


respSnsum 


22. celS 


52. 


voco 


82. 


peritus 


23. supers 


53- 


doceS 


83. 


dolus 


24. cSgitS 


54. 


jubeS 


84. 


antiquus 


25. fleS 


55- 


cSnsultS 


85. 


castra 


26. obsideS 


56. 


faveS 


86. 


carus 


27. pugnS 


57- 


spectS 


87. 


fortuna 


28. persuades 


58. 


convocS 


88. 


dSnum 


29. dissuades 


59- 


detineo 


89. 


insula 


30. obtineS 


60. 


creS 


90. 


modestia 



REVIEW 



67 



121. 



VOCABULARY REVIEW. 



Give the Latin form for each of the 



i. to 

2. tO 

3- to 

4. to 

5. to 

6. to 

7. to 

8. to 

9. to 

10. to 

11. to 

12. tO 

13. to 

14. to 

15. to 

16. to 

17. to 

18. to 

19. to 

20. tO 

21. tO 

22. tO 

23. to 

24. to 

25. to 

26. to 

27. to 

28. to 

29. to 

30. to 



owe. 

stay. 

fight. 

order. 

create. 

keep silent. 

build. 

warn. 

plan. 

announce. 

please. 

destroy. 

agitate. 

dissuade. 

have. 

conceal. 

detain. 

invite. 

work. 

teach. 

provide. 

look at. 

persuade. 

resound. 

fear. 

besiege. 

give. 

help. 

obtain. 

cut. 



31. to 

32. to 
33- to 
34. to 
35- to 

36. to 

37. to 

38. to 
39- to 

40. to 

41. to 

42. to 

43. to 

44. to 
45- to 

46. to 

47. to 

48. to 

49. to 

50. to 
5i- to 
52. to 

53- to 

54- to 

55- to 

56. to 

57. to 

58. to 

59. to 
60v to 



weep. 

battle. 

frighten. 

hasten 

call together. 

check. 

accuse. 

arouse. 

increase. 

consult. 

favor. 

rouse. 

exercise. 

arm 

rout. 

storm. 

keep from. 

praise. 

furnish. 

approve. 

wound. 

remain. 

see. 

stand. 

remove. 

forbid. 

hold. 

conquer. 

call. 

occupy. 



following words. 

61. arms. 

62. child. 

63. island. 

64. eye. 

65. God. 

66. ally. 

67. danger. 

68. famous. 

69. treachery. 

70. broad. 

71. captive. 

72. ancient. 

73. fate. 

74. skilful. 

75. camp. 

76. girl. 

77. messenger. 

78. fortune. 

79. response. 

80. injury. 

81. friendly. 

82. money. 

83. conference. 

84. plan. 

85. life. 

86. fugitive. 

87. forum. 

88. nature. 

89. people. 

90. gold. 



68 



THIRD DECLENSION 



THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

122. Nouns of the Third Declension do not all have 
the same ending in the nominative singular. 

A noun may end in a, e, i, o, y, c, 1, n, r, s, t, or x. 



RULES OF GENDER. 

[According to the nominative endings.] 

123. Masculine — Nouns ending in 6, or, 6s, er, and es 
(genitive idis, ltis). 

EXCEPTIONS — Nouns in do and go are feminine. 

Abstract nouns in io are feminine. 
Collective nouns in io are feminine. 



124. Feminine — Nouns ending in as, aus, is; also es 
(not increasing in the genitive), s after a consonant, 
and us (genitive udis or utis). 

125. Neuter — Nouns ending in a, c, 1, i, e, n, t, us, ur, 
y, ar. 



126. 



CASE ENDINGS. 



For Masc. and Fern, nouns. 

SING. PLUR. 

N.V. es(is) 

G. . .is . .urn or ium 

D. . .1 . .ibus 

Ac. . .em (im) . .es (is) 
Ab. . .e or 1 . .ibus 

The endings in parentheses are not commonly used. 
Concerning the double endings see articles 130, 133. 



For 


Neuter nouns. 


SING. 


PLUR. 




. .aoria 


. .is 


. .urn or ium 


. .1 


. .ibus 




. .aoria 


. .e or 1 


. ibus 



THIRD DECLENSION 69 



THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

127. Nouns of the Third Declension are usually classified 
according to their stems. 

Class I . — i Stems 
Class II. — Mixed Stems 
Class III. — Consonant Stems 

CLASS I. 

128. The stem ends in i (nubes, stem nubi; mare, stem mari.) 
The stem may be found by dropping the s of the genitive singular. 

129. To this class belong : 

1. Nouns ending in es, is (not increasing in the gen.) 

2. Neuters ending in e, al, ar. 

130. Nouns of this class have i in the abl. sing, and ium in the 
gen. plur. ; also ia in the nom. and ace. plur. if the noun is neuter, 
(canis and juvenis have urn in the gen. plur.) 

CLASS II. 

131. The stem ends in i (or a consonant.) 

The stem may be found by taking s [or is] from the gen. sing. 

132. To this class belong: 

1. Monosyllables in s and x after a consonant. 

2. Nouns in ns and rs (except parens.) 
Also os, ossis, bone. 

mus, muris, mouse. 
nix, nivis, snow. 
nox, noctis, night. 

133- Nouns of this class have e in the abl. sing, but ium in the 
gen. plur. and, if the noun is neuter, ia in the nom. and ace. plur. 

CLASS III. 

134. The stem ends in a consonant. 

The stem may be found by taking is from the gen. sing. 

I 35- To this class belong all nouns not in Class I or Class II. 

136. Nouns of this class have e in the abl. sing., um in the 
gen. plur., and, if the noun is neuter, a in the nom. and ace. plur. 



70 



THIRD DECLENSION 



THIRD DECLENSION. 

137. Giving a table of endings and showing the more common 
changes from the nominative form to the genitive form. 



Nom. 




Gen. 


Gender. 


Model. 




Case. 


Case. 


(Usually) 




. .as 




. . .atis 


F. 


aestas 


aestatis 


. .es 




. . .is 


F. 


nubes 


nubis 






. . . idis 


M. 


obses 


obsidis 






. . . itis 


M. 


miles 


militis 






. . . edis 


M. 


pes 


pedis 






. . .etis 


M. 


aries 


arietis 


. .is 




. . .is 


F. 


hostis 


hostis 






. . .eris 


M. 


pulvis 


pulveris 






. . idis 


M. 


lapis 


lapidis 


. .OS 




. . .oris 


M. 


mos 


moris 






. . .otis 


M. 


sacerdos 


sacerdotis 


. .us 




. . .eris 


N. 


latus 


lateris 






. . oris 


N. 


corpus 


corporis 






. . . udis 


F. 


laus 


laudis 






. . . uris 


N. 


jus 


juris 






. . .utis 


F. 


A-irtus 


virtutis 


. ut 




. . .itis 


N. 


caput 


capitis 


. .ax 




. . . acis 


F. 


fax 


facis 


. .ex 




. . .ids 


M. 


judex 


judicis 


. .ox 




. . .ocis 


F. 


vox 


vocis 


. .XIX 




. . .ucis 


F. 


dux 


ducis 


. .0 




. . . onis 


M. 


sermo 


sermonis 


. do 




. . . dinis 


F. 


multitudo 


multitudinis 


•go 




. . . ginis 


F. 


virgo 


virginis 


. en 




. . . inis 


N. 


nomen 


nominis 


. .ns 




. . .ntis 


M, 


pons 


pontis 


. .rs 




. . . rtis 


F. 


cohors 


cohortis 


. . s 


\ droj 


3 and 


F. 


hiems 


hiemis 


. e 


1 add is 


N. 


mare 


maris 


. .ar 


| 


N. 


calcar 


calcaris 


. .er 


1 merely 


M. 


agger 


aggeris 


. . or 


\ add 


M. 


auctor 


auctoris 


. .ur 


! is 


X. 


fur 


furis 


. .1 


I 




N\ 


animal 


an i ma lis 



THIRD DECLENSION 71 



138. CHIEF EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULES, Pg. 70. 

1. aes, aeris, aerl, aes, acre, N., copper. 

2 ApollO, Apollinis, ApollinI, Apollinem, Apolline, M., 
Apollo (a god). 

3. bos, bovis, bovi, bovem, bove, C, an ox or a cow. 
boves,bovum(boum) , bobus (bubus) , boves, bobus (bubus) 

4. card, carnis, carni, carnem, came, etc., F., flesh, meat. 

5. CerSs, Cereris, Cereri, Cere rem, Cerere, F., Ceres (a goddess) 

6. conjunx, conjugis, conjugi, conjugem, conjuge, C., hus- 
band, wife. 

7. cor, cordis, cordl, cor, corde, etc., N., the heart. 

8. cust6s, custodis, cust6dl, custOdem, custftde, etc., C, a 
guard. 

9. ebur, eboris, ebori, ebur, ebore, N., ivory. 

10. femur, femoris, femorl, femur, femore, etc., N., the thigh. 

11. frSns, frOndis, frondi, frondem, fronde, etc., F., the brow. 

12. frux, frugis, frugi, frugem, fruge, etc., F., fruit. 

13. glans, glandis, glandi, glandem, glande, etc., F., an acorn. 

14. grex, gregis, gregi, gregem, grege, etc., F., flock, herd. 

15. harpago, harpagonis, harpagoni, (abl. e), etc., M., a grap- 
pling-hook . 

16. hSros, herois, heroi, heroem, heroe, etc., M., a hero. 

17. homd, hominis, homini, hominem, homine, etc., M., man. 

18. iter, itineris, itineri, iter, itinere, etc., N., a journey, way. 

19. Juppiter, Jovis, Jovl, Jovem, Jove, M., Jupiter (king of the 
gods.) 

20. lSx, legis, legl, legem, lege, etc., F., law. 

21. Iig6, ligonis, ligOni, ligonem, ligone, etc., M., a hoe. 

22. mel, mellis, melli, mel, melle, etc., N., honey. 

23. Minos, Minois, Minoi, Minoem, Minoe, M., Minos (a king). 

24. nem6, neminis, nemini, neminem, nemine, etc., C, no one. 

25. nex, necis, neci, necem, nece, etc., F., a violent death. 

26. nox, noctis, nocti, noctem, nocte, etc., F., night. 

27. os, ossis, ossi, os, osse, etc., N., a bone. 

28. pater, patris, patri, patrem, patre, etc., M., father. 

29. praedS, praedonis, praedoni, praedonem, praedone, etc., 
M., a plunderer. 

30. rSmex, remigis, remigi, remigem, remige, etc., M., an 
oarsman. 

31. r&x, regis, regi, regem, rege, etc., M., a king. 

32. r6bur, roboris, robori, robur, robore, etc., N., an oak. 

33. sanguis, sanguinis, sanguinl, sanguinem, sanguine, etc., 
M., blood. 

34. senex, senis, seni, senem, sene, etc., M., old man. 

35. September, Septembris, Septembn, Septembrem, Septem- 
bre, etc., M. September. So also with other months in er. 

36. Tr6s, Trois, Tr6i, Tr6em, Troe, etc., M., a Trojan. 

37. venter, ventris, ventri, ventrem, ventre, etc., M., the belly. 

38. vfir, vSris, veri, ver, vere, etc., N., Spring. 

3Q. vis, vis, vl, vim, vi; vires, vlrium, etc., F., strength. 



72 



THIRD DECLENSION 







THIRD DECLENSION. 




139. Nouns ending 


in as, es, ^s. 




Aestas, F. 


Nubes, F. 


Aries, M. 


Miles, M. 


summer. 


cloud. battering-ram. 


soldier. 






SINGULAR. 




N.V. 


aestas 


niibes 


aries 


miles 


G. 


aestatis 


nubis 


arietis 


mllitis 


D. 


aestati 


nubi 


ariet 1 


militi 


Ac. 


aestatem 


nubem 


arietem 


militem 


Ab. 


aestate 


nube 


ariete 


milite 






PLURAL. 




N.V. 


aestates 


niibes 


arietes 


milites 


G. 


aestatum 


niibium 


arietum 


militum 


D. 


aestatibus 


nubibus 


arietibus 


militibus 


Ac. 


aestates 


niibes (is) 


arietes 


milites 


Ab.. 


aestatibus 


nubibus 


arietibus 


militibus 


Pes, M. Hostis, C. 


Pulvis, M. 


Lapis, M. 




foot. 


enemy. 


dust. 


stone. 






SINGULAR. 




N.V. 


pes 


hostis 


pulvis 


lapis 


G. 


pedis 


hostis 


pulveris 


lapidis 


D. 


pedi 


hosti 


pulveri 


lapidi 


Ac. 


pedem 


hostem 


pulverem 


lapidem 


Ab. 


pede 


hoste 


pulvere 


lapide 






PLURAL. 




N.V. 


pedes 


hostes 


pulveres 


lapides 


G. 


pedum 


hostium 


pulverum 


lapidum 


D. 


pedibus 


hostibus 


pulveribus lapidibus 


Ac. 


pedes 


hostes (is) 


pulveres 


lapides 


Ab. 


pedibus 


hostibus 


pulveribus lapidibus 



140. STUDY RULES OF SYNTAX 13, 25, 31, 32. 
REVIEW RULES OF SYNTAX 16, 23, 26. 



THIRD DECLENSION 



73 



141. 



VOCABULARY. 



DECLINE LIKE aestas. 
[Consonant stems; sec Art. 134 
aetas F. age. 

auctoritas, P. influence 
bonitas, F. goodness. 
brevitas, F. shortness. 
calamitas, F. disaster. 
celeritas, F. swiftness. 
civitas, F. state. 
crudelitas, F. cruelty. 
cupiditas, F. eagerness. 
difficult as, F. difficulty. 
dignitas, F. worthiness. 
egestas, F. poverty. 
facultas, F. opportunity. 
gra vitas, F. importance. 
humilitas, F. humility. 
lenitas, F. gentleness. 
levitas, F. lightness. 
liber alit as, F. generosity. 
libertas, F. freedom. 
necessitas, F. necessity. 
nobilitas, F. nobility. 
no vitas, F. strangeness. 
pietas, F. affection. 

potestas, F. power. 
se Veritas, F. severity. 
temeritas, F. recklessness. 
tempestas, F. storm. 
utilitas, F. advantage. 
voluntas, F. willingness. 
voluptas, F. pleasure. 

DECLINE LIKE miles. 
[Consonant stems ; see Art. 134 
comes, C. companion. 

eques, M. horseman. 

hospes, M. guest. 
pedes, C. foot-soldier. 

stipes, M. trunk (of a tree). 



DECLINE LIKE nubes. 
[i stems; see Art. 128.] 
alces, F. elk, 

caedes, F slaughter. 

cautes, F. rock. 

crates, F. hurdle. 

fames, F. hunger. 

moles, F. mass. 

rtipes, F. cliff. 

saepes, F. hedge. 

sedes, F. abode. 

valles, F. valley. 

DECLINE LIKE hostis 
[i stems; see Art. 128.] 
collis, (abl. i, e), M. hill. 
finis, (abl. i, e), M. end. 
ignis, (abl. i, e), M. fire. 
mensis, (abl. e), M. month. 
orbis, (abl. e), M. circle. 
sentis, (abl. e), M. briar. 
avis, (abl. i, e), F. bird. 
classis, (abl. e, i)F. fleet. 
navis, (ace. im, em), 

(abl. i, e), F. ship. 
pellis, (abl. e), F. hide 
puppis, (ace. im, em), 

(abl. i), F. stem. 
ratis, (abl. e), F. raft. 
turris, (ace. im, em), 

(abl. i, e), F. tower. 
vestis, (abl. e), F. clothing. 
civis, (abl. i, e), C. citizen. 
testis, (abl. e), C. witness. 
.] DECLINE LIKE pulvis. 
[Consonant stems; see Art. 134.] 
cinis, M. ashes. 

cucumis, M. cucumber. 

vomis, M. plough-share. 



74 THIRD DECLENSION 



DECLINE LIKE aries. 

[Consonant stems; see Art. 134.] 
abies, F. fir-tree. interpres, C. mediator. 

paries, M. {house-) wall. quies, F. rest. 

seges, F. crop {of grain). 

EXERCISES. 

142. 1. Equites per vallem magna celeritate accele- 
raverunt. 2. Segetes tempestate delebantur. 3. Lega- 
tus in esseda comitem habet. 4. Cupiditas comitum a 
viro laudatur. 5. Nonne abietes sunt in valle? 6. 
Ignis magnum numerum navium deleverat. 7. Viri 
in puppi navis milites viderunt. 8. Quies pedites 
defessos recreabit. 9. Classis nostrum ab oppidanis 
videtur. 10. Oppidum arietibus magnis oppugnabimus. 

143. 1. The storm has destroyed the ships of the 
enemy. 2. The citizens will hold the town against the 
enemy. 3. The generosity of the horseman has been 
praised by his companions. 4. The slaughter of the 
foot-soldiers will be checked by the horsemen. 5. The 
soldiers stood on a hill near the town. 6. The trunk of 
the fir-tree had been destroyed by fire. 7. The state is 
furnishing many soldiers for the war. 8. A mass of 
ashes remained after the fire. 9. The horsemen had 
given great pleasure to the children. 10. The fleet will 
have been built with great difficulty. 

144. 1. Oppidum non obsidebimus propter bonitatem 
civium. 2. Equites in nube pulveris celabantur. 3. Vi- 
desne tempestatem in valle? 4. Cives cum difficul- 
tate militibus persuadent. 5. Lenitas militum a civibus 
laudata est. 6. Stabimus in rupe atque pugnam specta- 
bimus. 7. In aestate valles est pulchra. 8. Cives 
necessitatem classis viderunt. 9. Miles ignem in colle- 
spectabat. 10. Segetes ex vallibus in oppidum re- 
moventur. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 75 



EXERCISES. 

145. 1. The power of the enemy was seen by the citi- 
zens. 2. The nobility of the state had invited the men. 
3. Fire is destroying the hedges and the crops. 4. Will 
not rest refresh the tired horsemen? 5. The swiftness of 
the horsemen will be feared by the messenger. 6. We 
shall give clothing to the companion of the man. 7. In 
the valley were many soldiers. 8. The man held the 
power in the state. 9. The eagerness of the soldiers has 
been praised by the citizens. 10. The willingness of the 
boys gave pleasure to the guest. 

146. 1. Miles ariete vulneratus erat. 2. Nonne turris 
est magna altaque? 3. Servi in oppido a civibus 
armabantur. 4. Vir avi libertatem dabit. 5. Teme- 
ritas amicorum militibus non placuit. 6. Servusin colle 
prope turrim stat. 7. Classis Romanorum hostes supe- 
rabit. 8. Agricolae ignem propter segetes timent. 9. 
Cives cum difficultate oppidum tenent. 10. Dabimus 
cibum vestesque militibus miseris. 

147. 1. The sailors are standing on the stern of the 
ship. 2. Has not the man great influence in the town? 
3. The crops will be removed from the fields. 4. The 
men in the town fear fire. 5. The townsmen owe their 
lives to the swiftness cf the horsemen. 6. The town had 
been besieged with battering-rams. 7. The tower had 
been destroyed by fire. 8. Are there good crops on the 
hills? 9. They are concealing the food under the cliff. 
10. The soldiers had been detained by a great disaster. 



76 



THIRD DECLENSION 



I48. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 

Nouns ending in os, us, ut. 



Mos, M. 


Sacerdos, 0. 


Latus, N. 


Corpus, N. 


custom. 


priest. 


side. 


body. 






SINGULAR. 




N.V. 


mos 


sacerdos 


latus 


corpus 


G. 


moris 


sacerdotis 


lateris 


corporis 


D. 


mori 


sacerdoti 


later! 


corpori 


Ac. 


morem 


sacerdotem 


latus 


corpus 


Ab. 


more 


sacerdote 


latere 


corpore 






PLURAL. 




N.V. 


mores 


sacerdotes 


latera 


corpora 


G. 


morum 


sacerdotum 


laterum 


corporum 


D. 


moribus 


sacerdotibus 


lateribus 


corporibus 


Ac. 


mores 


sacerdotes 


latera 


corpora 


Ab. 


moribus 


sacerdotibus 


lateribus 


corporibus 


Laus, F: 


Virtus, F. 


Jus, N. 


Caput, N. 


praise. 


virtue. 


right. 


head. 






SINGULAR. 




N.V. 


laus 


virtus 


jus 


caput 


G. 


laudis 


virtutis 


juris 


capitis 


D. 


laudi 


virtuti 


juri 


capiti 


Ac. 


laudem 


virtutem 


jus 


caput 


Ab. 


laude 


virtute 


jure 


capite 






PLURAL. 




N.V. 


laudes 


virtutes 


jura 


capita 


G. 


laudum 


virtutum 


jurum 


capitum 


D. 


laudibus 


virtutibus 


juribus 


capitibus 


Ac. 


laudes 


virtutes 


jura 


capita 


Ab. 


laudibus 


virtutibus 


juribus 


capitibus 



149. REVIEW RULES OF SYNTAX 10, 15, 28. 



THIRD DECLENSION 



77 



150- 



VOCABULARY. 



DECLINE LIKE latus. DECLINE LIKE corpus. 

[Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] [Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] 



foedus, 


N. 


treaty. 


corpus, 


N. body. 


funus, 


N. 


funeral. 


decus. 


N. glory. 


genus, 


N. 


tribe. 


facimus, 


N. deed. 


latus, 


N. 


side. 


frigus, 


N. cold. 


munus, 


N. 


share. 


lepus, 


M. hare. 


onus, 


N. 


burden. 


litus 


N. shore. 


opus, 


N. 


work. 


pectus, 


N. breast. 


pondus, 


N. 


weight. 


pecus, 


N. cattle. 


scelus, 


N. 


wickedness. 


tempus, 


N. time. 


sidus, 


N. 


star. 


DECLINE LIKE laus. 


vulnus, 


N. 


wound. 


[Consonant 
fraus, 


Stems; see Art. 134.] 
F deceit. 


DECLINE LIKE virtus 


laus, 


F. praise. 



[Consonant Stems ; see Art. 134] palus, 



F. marsh. 



juventiis, F. youth. 
salus, F. safety. 

servitus, F. slavery. 
virtus, F. courage. 

DECLINE LIKE mos. 



DECLINE LIKE sacerdos. 
[Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] 
dos, F. dowry. 

sarcerdos, C. priest. 

DECLINE LIKE jus. 



[Consonant Stems; see Art. 134] [Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] 



flos, 


M. 


flower. 


CrUS, N. 


leg. 


mos, 


M. 


custom. 


jus, N. 


justice. 


6s, 


M. 


face. 


jus jurandum,N. 
juris jiirandi, 

etc., etc. 


oath. 



bos, bo vis, etc., C, cow, ox. 

PLURAL: boves, bovum (bourn), bobus (bubus), boves, bobus 

(bubus) . 
cor, cordis, etc., N., heart. 
custos, custodis, etc., C, guard. 



78 THIRD DECLENSION 



EXERCISES. 

151. 1. Milites liberos in locum salutis removebant. 
2. Custos pilo vulneratus est. 3. Dabiirms viro munus 
cibi. 4. Sacerdotes milites propter virtutem lauda- 
verunt. 5. Nonne custodes civibus turrem tenent? 6. 
Magnus numerus bovum est in agris. 7. Equites cum 
telis ad litus accelerabunt. 8. Pueri propter periculum 
in turrim conlocati erant. 9. Hostes fraude a Romanis 
superati sunt. 10. Eques pro patria pugnabat. 

152. 1. The boy is keeping the cattle from the 
marshes. 2. The priests had been aroused by the evil 
deed of the man. 3. The soldiers have placed the camp 
on the shore. 4. The face of the priest was wounded by 
an arrow. 5. The horsemen will fight for glory. 6. 
The children have many beautiful flowers. 7. A share 
of the booty will be given to the guards. 8. The priests 
kept silent on account of their oath. 9. The boy has 
wounded the hare with a stone. 10. The courage of the 
guards pleases the men. 

153. 1. Debemus salutem virtuti equitis. 2. Sacer- 
dotes telis custodum vulnerabantur. 3. Prope litus 
sunt multae paludes. 4. Corpora militum pone vallum 
celabuntur. 5. Sacerdos custodem contra scelus viri 
monet. 6. Equi multa onera portabant. 7. Vir liberis 
multos flores dederat. 8. Liberi in litore cum sacerdote 
remanserunt. 9. Populus propter fraudem legati com- 
movetur. 10. Flores in paludibus tempore delebuntur. 



THIRD DECLENSION 79 



EXERCISES. 

154. 1. The body of the soldier was removed from the 
camp. 2. Did you not see the deceit of the man? 3. 
The priest will obtain justice for the tribe. 4. We have 
seen the great work of the men. 5. The guard was 
wounded in the breast. 6. The courage of the priest 
will check the wickedness of the citizens. 7. The 
flowers will be destroyed by the cold. 8. The cattle are 
carrying the burdens. 9. The priests owe safety to the 
quickness of the guard. 10. The courage of the boy 
was roused by the priest's words. 

155. 1. Laus sacerdotis puero placet. 2. Equites 
sine fraude custodes superabunt. 3. Vulnera custodis 
erant multa magnaque. 4. Nonne sunt flores in litore? 
5. Vir miser dono riorum placitus est. 6. Verba sacer- 
dotis virtutem custodum excitaverant. 7. Onera atque 
opus servis remanebant. 8. Vir in pectore crureque 
vulneratus erat. 9. Agricolae boves atque equos in 
agris habent. 10. Munus praedae sacerdotibus dabitur. 

156. 1. We shall watch the soldiers on the shore. 2. 
The boy was wounded in the head with a javelin. 3. 
The words of the priest have roused the courage of the 
citizens. 4. Is there not work for both the men and the 
boys? 5. The children had been removed to a place of 
safety. 6. The flowers were cut and placed on the 
table. 7. A share of the burdens will be carried by the 
horses. 8. The enemy feared the guards on the shore. 
9. The cows are standing in the marshes. 10. The 
soldier had been wounded in the head and the body. 



80 



THIRD DECLENSION 



157. THIRD DECLENSION. 

Nouns ending in ux, ex, ox, o, do, go, en. 



Dux, C. 

leader. 


Rex, M. 

king. 


Judex, M. 
judge. 




SINGULAR. 


N.V. dux 
G. ducis 

D. duel 


rex 
regis 

regi 


judex 
judicis 

jtidici 


Ac. ducem 


regem 


judicem 


Ab. duce 


rege 


judice 




PLURAL. 


N.V. duces 
G. ducum 
D. ducibus 


reges 

regum 

regibus 


judices 

judicum 

judicibus 


Ac. duces 
Ab. ducibus 


reges 
regibus 


judices 
judicibus 



Legio, F. 

legion. 

N.V. legio 

G. legionis 

D. legion! 

Ac. legionem 

Ab. legione 



N.V. legiones 

G. legionum 

D. legionibus 

Ac. legiones 

Ab. legionibus 



Multitudo, F. Virgo, F. 

multitude. maiden. 



Sermo, M. 

conversation. 

sermo 
sermonis 
sermon 1 
sermonem 
sermone 

sermones 

sermonum 

sermonibus 

sermones 

sermonibus 

Nomen, N. 
name. 



SINGULAR. 

multitudo virgo 

multitudinis virginis 

multitudini virgin! 

multitudinem virginem 

multitudine virgine 

PLURAL. 

multitiidines virgines 
multitudinum virginum 
multitiidinibus virginibus 
multitiidines virgines 
multitiidinibus virginibus 



nomen 

nominis 

nomin! 

nomen 

nomine 

nomina 

nominum 

nominibus 

nSmina 

nominibus 



158. REVIEW RULES OF SYNTAX 9, 16, 28, 31. 



THIRD DECLENSION 



SI 



159. VOCABULARY. 

DECLINE LIKE dux. DECLINE LIKE rex. 

[See Arts. 131 and 134.] [Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] 
arx (Gen. Plur. ium), F., fortress conjunx, F. wife. 

falx (Gen. Plur. ium), F.houk. frux, F. fruit. 

fax, F. torch. lex, F. law. 

lux, F. light. phalanx, F. phalanx. 

nex, F. death. remex, M. rower. 

pax, F. peace. DECLINE LIKE judex, 

pix, F. pitch. [Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] 

prex, F. prayer. cortex M. bark (of a tree) . 

radix, F. root. supplex, C. suppliant. 

vox, F. voice. DECLINE LIKE nomen. 

DECLINE LIKE sermo. [Consonant Stems; see Art. 134. 1 
[Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] agmen, N. line (of march). 

calo, M. camp-follower, cacumen, 

Cicero, M. Cicero. certamen, 

latro, M. robber. crimen, 

culmen, 
DECLINE LIKE legio. discrimen, 
[Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] flumen, 
centurio M. centurion. nomen, 

conditio, F. condition. numen, 

conjuratio, F. conspiracy. vimen, 



F. dispute. 

F. surrender. 

F. a pleading. 

F. doubt. 

F. sally. 

F. embassy. 

F. nation. 

F. opinion. 

F. oration. 

F. plan. 

F. return. 

F. region. 
care, carnis, etc., F., flesh, meat. 
harpago, harpagonis, etc., M., grappling iron 
homo, hominis, etc., C, man. 
nemo, neminis, etc., C, no one. 
nix, nivis, etc, (Gen. Plur. ium), F., snow. 
nox, noctis, etc., (Gen. Plur. ium), F., night. 
senex senis, etc., M., old man. 



contentio, 

deditio, 

dictio, 

dubitatio, 

eruptio, 

legatio, 

natio, 

opinio, 

oratio, 

ratio, 

reditio, 

regie, 



N. top. 

N. struggle. 

N. crime. 

N. summit. 

N. crisis. 

N. river. 

N. name. 

N. will. 

N. twig. 
DECLINE LIKE multitude 
[Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] 
altitudo, F. height, depth. 

F. custom. 

F . bravery. 

F. width. 

F. length. 

F. great size. 

M. order. 

F. loneliness. 

F. testudo. 

F. baseness. 



consuetudo, 

fortitiido, 

latitiido, 

longitudo, 

magnitudd, 

ordo, 

solitiido, 

testudo, 

turpitude, 



82 THIRD DECLENSION 



EXERCISES. 

1 60. 1. Legiones centurionis in foro stabant. 2. 
Latrones praedam mult am ultra flumen celaverant. 3. 
Lux facis a milite videbatur. 4. Rex de legibus judicem 
consultavit. 5. Cert amen longum legionum cum ho- 
stibus a duce spectatur. 6. Nemo senem prope arcem 
viderat. 7. Solitudo regionis latrones terruit. 8. 
Multa nix in cacumine montis remanet. 9. Cicero in 
foro Romano orationem longam habuit. 10. Deditio 
hostium ducibus legionum Romanarum placuit. 

161. 1. The man will remain with the soldiers across 
the river. 2. The townsmen obtained peace through 
the prayers of the women. 3. The snow was not re- 
moved from the top of the fortress. 4. The old man 
has frightened the robbers. 5. The voice of the centu- 
rion resounded through the camp. 6. The bravery of 
the camp-followers pleased the general. 7. In the 
night the leader had stayed with the men at the summit 
of the hill. 8. The people had a good opinion concerning 
Cicero. 9. The phalanx is standing behind the fortress. 
10. The laws of the king forbid crime. 

162. 1. Oppidum numine regis delebitur. 2. Timeo 
solitudinem loci atque magnitudinem montis. 3. 
Nocte portae oppidi a rege oppugnabantur. 4. Senes 
cibum per conjuges obtinebunt. 5. Milites calonibus 
frugem multam dederunt. 6. Opinio judicis boni ho- 
mini placet. 7. Dux cum legionibus regionem ultra 
flumen possidet. 8. Hostes propter magnitudinem 
arcis terrebantur. 9. Magna voce nuntius responsum 
regis enuntiabit. 10. Rex cum ducibus sermonem 
longum habuerat. 



•> 



THIRD DECLENSION 8.' 



EXERCISES. 

163. 1. Are there many old men in the town? 2. No 
one warned the leader about the conspiracy. 3. The 
condition of the surrender will be approved by the 
enemy. 4. A large number of torches had been given 
to the camp-followers. 5. The river had great width 
but little depth. 6. The torches are not giving much 
light to the men. 7. No one had been wounded in the 
struggle. 8. The centurion had hastened to the fortress 
with the old men. 9. The baseness of the man roused 
the people. 10. The centurion had a long conversation 
with the old man. 

164. 1. Homines magnis cultris corticem secuerunt. 
2. Legatio a rege in arce detinetur. 3. Nonne faces 
armaque sunt in castris? 4. Conjuratio a centurionibus 
atque legionibus regis cogitatur. 5. Calones propter 
necem senis flebant. 6. Dux hostes in conditione 
servitutis tenebit. 7. Senesne centurionem atque legi- 
ones videbant? 8. Dux legiones extra arcem exercibit. 

9. Homo prope flumen stabat atque remiges spectabat. 

10. Homines in litore fluminis certamen spectant. 

165. I. On account of the width of the river the legion 
was detained. 2. The ship has many rowers. 3. We 
shall remain near the summit of the hill. 4. The name 
of the old man was announced. 5. In a long conversa- 
tion the leader had praised the legions. 6. We shall 
wound a multitude of the enemy. 7. The name of the 
ambassador was announced to the centurion. 8. The 
people of the town were helped by the laws. 9. 
The soldiers had their wives in the camp. 10. Many 
soldiers of Caesar's legion were wounded with arrows. 



84 



THIRD DECLENSION 



166. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 

Nouns ending in 
ns, rs, s, e, ar, er, ir, or, ur, 



1. 



Orator, M. < 


honors, F. 


Hiems, F. 


Mare, N. 


< 


orator. 


cohort. 


winter. 


sea. 






SINGULAR. 




N.V. 


orator 


cohors 


hiems 


mare 


G. 


oratoris 


cohortis 


hiemis 


maris 


D. 


orator! 


cohort! 


hiemi 


mar! 


Ac. 


oratorem 


cohortem 


hiemem 


mare 


Ab. 


oratore 


cohorte 


hieme 


mar! 






PLURAL. 




N.V. 


oratores 


cohortes 


hiemes 


maria 


G. 


oratorum 


cohortium 


hiemum 


marium 


D. 


oratoribus 


cohortibus 


hiemibus 


maribus 


Ac. 


oratores 


cohortes 


hiemes 


maria 


Ab. 


oratoribus 


cohortibus 


hiemibus 


maribus 


Calcar, N. i 


Consul, M. 


Pater, M. 


Mulier, F. 




spur. 


consul. 


father. 


woman. 






SINGULAR. 




N.V. 


calcar 


consul 


pater 


mulier 


G. 


calcaris 


consulis 


patris 


mulieris 


D. 


calcari 


consul! 


patr! 


mulier! 


Ac. 


calcar 


consulem 


pat rem 


mulierem 


Ab. 


calcari 


consule 


patre 


muliere 






PLURAL. 




N.V. 


calcaria 


consules 


patres 


mulieres 


G. 


calcarium 


consulum 


pat rum 


mulierum 


D. 


calcaribus 


consulibus 


patribus 


mulieribus 


Ac. 


calcaria 


consules 


patres 


mulieres 


Ab. 


calcaribus 


consulibus 


patribus 


mulieribus 



167. REVIEW RULES OF SYNTAX 13, 23, 32. 



THIRD DECLENSION 



85 



168. 



VOCABULARY. 



DECLINE LIKE orator. 

[Consonant Stems ; see Art. 134 

arbor, F. tree. 

clamor, M. outcry. 

defensor, M. defender. 

desertor. M. deserter. 

explorator, M. scout. 

furor, M. rage. 

honor, M. honor. 

imperator, M. general. 

labor, M. work. 

mercator, M. merchant. 

orator, M. orator. 

praetor, M. praetor. 



rumor, 


M. 


rumor. 


senator, 


M. 


senator 


terror, 


M. 


terror. 


timor, 


M. 


fear. 


uxor, 


F. 


wife. 


victor, 


M. 


victor. 



DECLINE LIKE hiems. 
hiems, F. winter. 

plebs, F. populace. 

stirps (Gen. 

Plur. ium), F. stock (race). 
trabs, F. timber. 

urbs (Gen. 

Plur. ium) , F. city. 
DECLINE LIKE consul, 
animal (see Art. 129), 

N. animal. 
exsul, C. exile. 

proconsul, M. proconsul. 
sol, M. sun. 

vectigal (see Art. 129.) 

N. revenue. 



DECLINE LIKE cohors. 
] [Mixed Stems see Art. 131] 
adulescens, M. youth. 
ars, F. skill. 

cliens, C. vassal. 

cohors, F. cohort. 

dens, M. tooth. 

fons, M. fountain. 

fors, F. chance. 

frons, F. broiv. 

gens, F. tribe. 

Infans, C. infant. 

Mars, M. Mars. 

mens, F. mind. 

mons, M. mountain. 

mors, F. death. 

parens (Gen. 

Plur. um), C. parent. 
pars, F. part. 

pons, M. bridge. 

sors, F. lot. 

DECLINE LIKE pater, 
f rater, M. brother. 

imber,(i stem), M. storm (rain). 

linter (i stem) F. skiff. 
mater, F. mother. 

pater, M. father. 

DECLINE LIKE mulier. 

[Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] 
a Sg er - M. mound. 

anser, M. goose. 

cadaver, N. corpse. 

mulier, F. ivoman. 

ver, N Spring. 



moenia, moenium, etc., N. 



Caesar, Caesaris, etc., M., Caesar. 
femur, femoris, etc., N., thigh. (Plur.) fortifications. 

glans, glandis, etc., F., gland. princeps,prmcipis,etc.,M.,c/«>/. 
Juppiter, Jovis, etc., M., Jupiter, robur, roboris, etc., N., oak. 



86 THIRD DECLENSION 



EXERCISES. 

169. 1. Principes gentium contra imperatorem Roma- 
nian pugnant. 2. In vere pons flumine deletus est. 3. 
Pars legionis erat in latere mentis. 4. Consul magnum 
furorem plebis spectabat. 5. Clamore magno def en- 
sores cohortes terrebant. 6. Pulchrae arbores urbis 
tempestate delebuntur. 7. Cadaver praetoris ex urbe 
removetur. 8. Mulieres propter mortem hominum flent. 

9. Nonne adulescentes a hostibus vulnerati sunt? 10. 
Fontes urbis civibus aquam praebebunt. 

170. 1. They have built a large bridge over the river. 
2. In Spring the trees have many leaves. 3. The 
defenders had held the city of the king. 4. The chief 
of the state was planning a conspiracy. 5. The exiles 
have been called together by the deserters. 6. The 
father of the youth will be persuaded. 7. The victor 
had conquered on account of his great skill. 8. 
The people of the city have been frightened by rumors 
of war. 9. Are not the fortifications large and high? 

10. A part of the cohort is destroying the bridge. 

171. 1. Mercatores consuli senatoribusque honorem 
magnum dabunt. 2. Vere lux solis avibus placet. 3. 
Defensores urbis a victore superati erant. 4. Pater 
puero equum dedit. 5. Mens parentis propter peri- 
culum fllii commovebatur. 6. Urbs fuit labor multi- 
tudinis hominum. 7. Caesar exploratoribus victoriam 
debuit. 8. Cum auxilio Jovis Romani fuerunt victores. 
9. Imperator cum cohortibus in urbe erat. 10. Terror 
mulierum clamoribus militum augetur. 



THIRD DECLENSION 87 

EXERCISES. 

172. 1. The general was praised by the consul. 2. 
The brother of the man had seen many animals in the 
mountains. 3. The senators will be called together by 
Caesar. * 4. Caesar's cohorts are storming the city. 5. 
We shall fight against the cohorts of the Roman general. 
6. By chance a part of the legion was detained in the 
town. 7. The general has held the revenues of the 
province. 8. The merchants in the ship were aroused 
by the storm. 9. Was not the oak destroyed by the 
wind? 10. The soldiers had frightened the scouts 
with the outcry. 

173. 1. Exploratores inter arbores silvae videbantur. 
2. Mors consulis plebem commovit. 3. Mentes militum 
contra ducem verbis consulis agitabuntur. 4. Animalia 
in litore fluminis decertabant. 5. Cives in nova parte 
urbis fontem conlocabunt. 6. Clamor hostium cohortes 
imperatoris Romani terruit. 7. Cives regi vectigalia 
magna debent. 8. Argentum multum militibus a 
uxore regis datum erat. 9. Sol arboribus floribusque 
lucem praebet. 10. Pontem longum trans flumen 
aedificabunt. 

174. 1. The trees in the city do not have fruit. 2. 
The timber of the bridge was good and strong. 3. The 
light of the sun will be pleasing to the sick woman. 4. 
The mountains behind the city are high and beautiful. 

5. The woman wept on account of the death of the consul. 

6. A rumor of war agitated the populace. 7. The 
exiles had been helped by the scout. 8. A skiff has been 
built by the boy's father. 9. In winter the storms de- 
stroyed the trees and the bridges. 10. The cohorts of 
the Roman general did not fear death. 



88 



REVIEW 



175. VOCABULARY REVIEW. 

Give the meaning of each of the following words. 
Give the declension and gender of each noun. 



1. legio 

2. tempus 

3. prmceps 

4. homo 

5. eques 

6. crus 

7. centurio 

8. imperator 

9. pahls 

10. pons 

11. difficult as 

12. regio 

13. corpus 

14. seges 

15. cupiditas 

16. fons 

17. judex 

18. pedes 

19. vectlgal 

20. miles 

21. puppis 

22. clamor 

23. culmen 

24. sacerdos 

25. senex 

26. ignis 

27. fl6s 

28. remex 

29. magnitudo 

30. iter 



31. aries 

32. cohors 

33. bonitas 

34. lux 

35. uxor 

36. litus 

37. nubes 

38. numen 

39. pulvis 

40. nix 

41. scelus 

42. tempestas 
43- pars 

44. turris 

45. celeritas 

46. avis 

47. abies 

48. certamen 

49. mulier 

50. civis 

51. sermo 

52. salus 

53. comes 

54. nox 

55. aestas 

56. custos 

57. navis 

58. oratio 

59. frux 

60. mens 



61. classis 

62. fax 

63. mors 

64. hostis 

65. pectus 

66. collis 

67. servitus 

68. fraus 

69. nex 

70. opus 

71. latro 

72. bos 

73. lenitas 

74. latus 

75. onus 

76. rupes 

77. rex 

78. arbor 

79. urbs 

80. libertas 

81. munus 

82. vox 

83. valles 

84. explorator 

85. necessitas 

86. dux 

87. mercator 

88. virtus 

89. numen 

90. sol 



REVIEW 



80 



176. VOCABULARY REVIEW. 

Give the Latin form for each of the following words. 



1. rower 

2. region 

3. fire 

4. cow 

5. flower 

6. gentleness 

7. foot-man 

8. burden 



31. body 

32. citizen 

33. populace 

34. crop 

35. death 

36. fraud 

37. judge 

38. side 



9. battering-ram 39. river 

10. king 40. cohort 

11. leader 

12. fountain 

13. woman 

14. night 

15. top 

16. light 

17. consul 

18. struggle 

19. will 

20. difficulty 

21. torch 

22. legion 

23. liberty 

24. tower 

25. centurion 

26. fruit 

27. crime 

28. hill 

29. general 

30. slavery 



41. 

42. revenue 

43- spy 

44. wife 

45. merchant 

46. quickness 

47. virtue 

48. sun 

49. fir-tree 

50. chief 

51. guard 

52. death 

53. time 

54. share 

55. dust 

56. city 

57. swamp 

58. voice 

59. mind 

60. snow 



61. magnitude 

62. conversation 

63. way 

64. priest 

65. companion 

66. old man 

67. robber 

68. eagerness 

69. work 

70. goodness 

71. tree 

72. soldier 

73. shore 

74. cloud 

75. outcry 

76. bird 

77. summer 

78. necessity 

79. ship 

80. man 

81. fleet 

82. enemy 

83. horseman 

84. storm 

85. part 

86. leg 

87. oration 

88. breast 

89. bridge 

90. valley 



90 



adjectives: third declension 



ADJECTIVES. 

177. Many adjectives are declined with the endings of 
the third declension. 



178. 



Acer, keen, eager. 
(STEM acri-) 



SINGULAR. 






PLURAL. 




MASC. 


FEM. 


NEUT. 


MASC. 


FEM. 


NEUT. 


N.V. acer 


acris 


acre 


acres 


acres 


acria 


G. acris 


acris 


acris 


acrium 


acrium 


acrium 


D. acri 


acri 


acri 


acribus 


acribus 


acribus 


Ac. acrem 


acrem 


acre 


acres, (Is) 


acres, (Is) 


acria 


Ab. acri 


acri 


acri 


acribus 


acribus 


acribus 



179. Adjectives like acer have three distinct forms in the 
nominative siiigular and are, therefore, called adjectives of three 
terminations. 



180. 



SINGULAR. 

M. & F. NEUT. 

N.V. levis leve 

G. levis levis 

D. levl levl 

Ac. levem leve 

Ab. levl . levl 



Levis, light, nimble. 

(STEM levi-) 

PLURAL. 



M. & F. 

leves 
levium 
levibus 
leves, (Is) 
levibus 



NEUT. 

levia 

levium 

levibus 

levia 

levibus 



181. Adjectives like levis have the nominative singular, mascu- 
line and feminine alike [and are alike throughout]. Therefore 
they are called adjectives of two terminations. 

182. Audax, bold. 

(STEM audac-) 





SINGULAR. 




PLURAL. 


M 


. & F. 


NEUT. 




M. & F. 


NEUT. 


N.V. 


audax 


audax 




audaces 


audacia 


G. 


audacis 


audacis 




audacium 


audacium 


D. 


audacl 


audacl 




audacibus 


audacibus 


Ac. 


audacem 


audax 




audaces, (is) 


audacia 


Ab. 


audacl, (e) 


audacl, 


(e) 


audacibus 


audacibus 



183. Adjectives like audax have the nominative singular, 
masculine, feminine and neuter alike. Hence they are called 
adjectives of one termination. 



adjectives: third declension 



91 



184. 



VOCABULARY. 



DECLINE LIKE acer. 

[i Stems.] 
acer (acr-)*, keen. 
alacer, (alacr-) , eager. 
campester, (campestr-) , level. 
celeber (celebr-) , celebrated. 
equester (equestr-), equestrian. 
palflster (palustr-) , marshy. 
pedester (pedestr-) , infantry. 
Silvester (silvestr-) , woody. 
volucer (volucr-) , rapid. 
celer (retains e) , swift. 

DECLINE LIKE audax. 
[Consonant Stems.] 
audax (audac-), bold. 
clSmens (clement-), merciful. 
dives (divit-), rich. 
ingens (ingent-) , huge. 
innocens (innocent-) , innocent. 
insciens (inscient-) , unaware. 
potSns (potent-) , powerful. 
recens (recent-) , recent. 
velox (veloc-) , swift. 
vetus (veter-), old. 



DECLINE LIKE levis. 
[i Stems.] 
brevis, short. 
communis, common. 
crQdelis, cruel. 
difficilis, difficult. 
facilis, easy. 
fidelis, faithful. 
fortis, brave. 
grandis, large. 
gravis, heavy. 
humilis, low. 
insignis, memorable. 
lenis, gentle. 
militaris, military. 
navalis, naval. 
nobills, noble. 
omnis, all. 
similis, similar. 
singularis, extraordinary. 
tristis, sad. 
turpis, base. 
utilis, uselful. ' 
vectigalis, tributary. 



185. 



REMARKS. 



Adjectives like acer and levis are i stems. 

Adjectives like audax are consonant stems, but they 
have i, e (ahl. sing.) ia (neut. plur. N. Ace. and Voc.) and 
ium (gen. plur.) 

Dives, rich, has the i only in the neuter, plur. ace. 

Vetus, old, is entirely a consonant stem.f 

* The base of the adjective. 

f The following adjectives are consonant stems: compos [corn- 
pot-] controlling; particeps [particip-] sharing; pauper [pauper-] 
poor; princeps [princip-] chief; sospes [sospit^] safe; superstes 
[susperstit-] surviving. 



92 adjectives: third declension 



EXERCISES. 

186. i. Audaces latrones oppidum vetus prope flumen 
obsederunt. 2. Arbor ingens in recenti tempestate 
deleta est. 3. Magnus numerus civium divum regi 
dona dabit. 4. Multi nautae in navali pugna vulne- 
rabantur. 5. Turpes desertores in silvestribus locis 
remanent. 6. Omnes naves sociorum Romanos in 
pugna difficili juvabunt. 7. Liberi innocentes a magistro 
bono moniti erant. 8. Hominesne sunt tristes propter 
mortem imperatoris fidelis? 9. Caesar cum hostibus 
fortibus proelium breve pugnavit. 10. Rex omnibus 
senatoribus nobilibus dona dederat. 11. Equites celeres 
tela hostium crudelium non timent. 12. Tectum arcis 
veteris est humile. 13. Exploratores in locis palu- 
stribus arma celeverunt. 14. Fons celeber erat in oppido 
veteris provinciae. 

187. 1. The powerful king will increase the number 
of his equestrian soldiers. 2. Many rich men were 
praised by the general on account of their liberality. 3. 
A naval battle has been fought with a brave and bold 
enemy. 4. The ships of all the allies will besiege the old 
town. 5. The noble general has exercised all the 
soldiers. 6. The gift of the faithful citizens was pleasing 
to the old king. 7. The sad messenger is announcing 
the cruel death of the spy. 8. The birds flew with rapid 
wings into the woody region. 9. In a short time the 
quick soldiers had concealed the arms. 10. The pow- 
erful chiefs of the state were cruel men. 11. The base 
deserters will not be helped by the faithful allies. 12. 
Have the recent storms detained the Roman soldiers? 

13. They are giving food and water to all the sick men. 

14. The king will arm the faithful guards with swords. 



adjectives: third declension 93 

EXERCISES. 

188. i. Fortis dux equitum a populo Romano lau- 
datus est. 2. Imperator clemens principes hostium 
convocabit. 3. Homo innocens a mercatore turpi 
accusatur. 4. Aestate pugna insignis cum Romanis 
pugnata erat. 5. Omnes civitates vectigales Romae 
remanserunt. 6. Oppidani omnia communia habebant. 

7. Potens lux solis pulchros flores juvat. 8. Tempestas 
recens difficultates itineris auxit. 9. Nocte insigni 
hostes audaces urbem oppugnaverant. 10. Trans flu- 
men latum pontem grandem aedificabimus. 11. Nonne 
hostes a victore dementi pacem obtinuerunt? 12. 
Pugnam navalem in volucri flumine pugnabant. 13. 
Regis comes fidelis essedam similem habet. 14. Socii 
fideles Romanis naves veloces providebunt. 

189. 1. The brave horsemen have routed the fierce 
enemy. 2. We shall fight a naval battle with the- pow- 
erful Barbarians. 3. All the ships had been destroyed 
by the great storm. 4. There is an old fortress on the 
bank of the swift river. 5. The base judge fears the 
anger of the noble man. 6. A great multitude of 
innocent children was wounded in the cruel war. 7. 
The rich citizens of the city will be faithful to the king. 

8. Well-known trees have been destroyed in the recent 
tempest. 9. The noble senators are influential in the 
city. 10. The boys are carrying light burdens. 11. 
There remained an old bridge across the wide river. 12. 
The men fought a keen battle with the bold robbers. 13. 
The messenger of the king has invited the faithful citi- 
zens. 14. The leader is sad on account of the death of a 
useful companion. 



94 



THIRD CONJUGATION 



190. THIRD CONJUGATION. 

E-VERBS. 
Rego (root reg), to rule. 
PRINCIPAL PARTS: Rego, regere, rexl, rectum. 



ACTIVE VOICE. 



INDICATIVE. 

PASSIVE VOICE. 
PRESENT. 



rego, 1 rule (am ruling, do rule) . regor,/ am ruled (am being ruled) 



regis, thou rulest. 
regit, he rules. 
regimus, we rule. 
regitis, you rule. 
regunt, they rule. 



regeris (-re), thou art ruled. 
regitur, he is ruled. 
regimur, we are ruled. 
regiminl, you are ruled. 
reguntur, they are ruled. 



IMPERFECT. 



regebam, 7 ruled (was ruling). 
regebas, thou ruledst. 
regfibat, he rided. 
regebamus, we ruled. 
reggbatis, you ruled. 
regSbant, they rided. 



regebar, I was ruled. 
regebaris (-re), thou wast ruled. 
regebatur, he ivas ruled. 
regSbamur, we were ruled. 
reg&bamini, you were ruled. 
regebantur, they were ruled. 



FUTURE. 



regam, I shall ride. 
regfcs, thou wilt ride. 
reget, he will rule. 
regemus, we shall ride. 
reg§tis, you will rule. 
regent, they will rule. 



regar, I shall be ruled. 
regeris (-re) , thou wilt be ruled. 
regetur, he will be ruled. 
regemur, we shall be rided. 
regemini, you will be ruled. 
regentur, they will be ruled. 



PERFECT. 



rexl, I have ruled. 
rexistl, thou hast ruled. 
rexit, he has rided. 
rgximus, we have ruled. 
rgxistis, you have ruled. 
rexerunt (-re) , they have ruled 



rectus r sum, I have been ruled. 
-a, -urn, ■< es, thou hast been ruled. 
( est, he has been ruled. 
recti ( sumus, we have been ruled. 
-ae, -a, -j estis, you have been ruled. 
( sunt, they have been ruled. 



THIRD CONJUGATION 



95 



ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. 

PLUPERFECT. 



-urn, 



rexeram, / had ruled. rectus 

rexeras, thou hadst ruled. 
rexerat, he had rided. 
rexeramus, we had ruled. recti 

rexeratis, you had ruled. -ae, - 

rexerant, they had ruled. 



i eram, / had been ruled. 
\ eras, thou hadst been ruled. 
' erat, he had been ruled. 

ieramus, we had been ruled. 
eratis, you had been ruled. 
erant, they had been rided. 



FUTURE PERFECT. 



rexerd, / shall have ruled. .rectus 
rexeris, thou wilt have ruled, -a, -una, 
rexerit, he will have ruled. 
rexerimus, we shall have ruled, recti 
rexeritis, you will have rided. -ae, -a, 
rexerint, they will have ruled. 



ero,/ shall have been ruled. 
eris, thou wilt have, etc. 
erit, he will have, etc. 
erimus, we shall have, etc. 
eritis, you will have, etc. 
erunt, they will have, etc. 



regam 

regas 

regat 



regerem 

regeres 

regeret 



rexenm 

rexeris 

rexerit 



rexissem 

rSxissfcs 

rexisset 



regamus 

regatis 

regant 



SUBJUNCTIVES 

PRESENT. 

regar 

regaris (-re) 
regatur 



regeremus 

regerStis 

regerent 



rexerimus 

rgxeritis 

rexerint 



IMPERFECT. 

regerer 
regereris (-re) 
regergtur 

PERFECT, 
rectus 




rexissemus 

rexissfitis 

r^xissent 



PLUPERFECT, 
rectus ( essem 



-a, -um, -J essgs 
( esset 



regamur 
regamini 
regantur 



regerSmur 
reger§mini 
regerentur 



recti 
-ae, -a 



recti 
-ae,-a, 




essemus 

essetis 
essent 



* Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the clauses in which they stand. 



96 



THIRD CONJUGATION 



ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. 

IMPERATIVE. 



rege, rule thou. 
regite, rule ye. 



regitd, thou shall rule. 
regitd, he shall rule. 
regitote, you shall rule. 
regunto, they shall rule. 



PRESENT 



regere, be thou ruled. 
regimini, be ye ruled. 



FUTURE. 



regitor, thou shalt be ruled. 
regitor, he shall be ruled. 

reguntor, they shall be ruled. 



INFINITIVE. 

PRES. regere, to rule. r egi, to be ruled. 

PERF. rexisse, to have ruled. rectus esse, to have been ruled. 

FUT. recturus esse, to be about rectum in, to be about to be ruled. 
to rule. 



PARTICIPLES. 

PRES. regens, entis, ruling. 

FUT. recturus, -a, -um, about GER. regendus, -a, -um, to be 

to rule. ruled. 

PERF. rectus, -a, -um having 

been ruled. 



G. regendi, of riding. 

D. regendo, for ruling. 

Ac. regendum, ruling. 

Ab. regendo, by ruling. 



GERUND. 



These forms are 
used as nouns. 



J 



Ac. rectum, to rule. 



SUPINE. 

Ab, rectii, to be ruled. 



THIRD CONJUGATION 



97 



191. SOME VERBS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 

Principal Parts. 



Pres. hid. 


Pres. Inf. J 


D erf. Ind. 


P.P. P.N* ■ 


Meaning. 




ago 


agere 


egi 


actum 


— to drive, do 


cado 


cadere 


cecidT 


casum 


— to Jail 


caedo 


caedere 


cecidi 


caesum 


— to kill 


cingo 


eingere 


clnxi 


cinctum 


— to surround 


claudo 


claudere 


clausT 


clausum 


— to shut 


cognosco 


cognosces 


j cognovi 


cognotum 


— to learn 


cogo 


cogere 


coegi 


coactum 


— to compel 


constituo 


constituere constitui constitiitum 


— to determine 


credo 


credere 


ere did! 


creditum 


— to believe 


dedo 


dedere 


dedidi 


deditum 


— to surrender 


defendo 


defendere 


defend! 


defensum 


— to defend 


deligo 


deligere 


delegi 


delectum 


— to choose 


dico 


dicere 


dixT 


dictum 


— to say 


diico 


ducere 


duxi 


ductum 


— to lead 


educo 


educere 


ediixT 


eductum 


— to lead out 


gero 


gerere 


gessi 


gestum 


— to carry on 


mitto 


mittere 


misi 


missum 


— to send 


ostendo 


ostendere 


ostendi 


ostentum 


— to show 


parco 


parcere 


perperci 


parsum 


— to spare 


perdo 


perdere 


perdidi 


perditum 


— to destroy 


peto 


petere 


pet! vi 


petrtum 


— to seek 


pono 


ponere 


posui 


positum 


— to place 


quaero 


quaerere 


quaesivi quaesitum 


— to question 


rego 


regere 


rexT 


rectum 


— to rule 


relinquo 


relinquere 


reliqm 


relictum 


— to leave 


scribo 


scribere 


scrips! 


scriptum 


— to write 


tego 


tegere 


tex! 


tectum 


— to cover 


traho 


trahere 


trax! 


tractum 


— to drag 


verto 


vertere 


vert! 


versum 


— to turn 


vinco 


vincere 


v!c! 


victum 


— to conquer 


vivo 


vivere 


vix! 


victum 


— to live 



^Perfect Passive Participle, neuter. 



98 



THIRD CONJUGATION 



192. 



PRACTICE ON REGO. 



Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of 
each form and translate wherever possible.* 



1. rego 

2. regat 

3. regebas 

4. rexit 

5. regere 

6. reget 

7. rexerint 

8. rexeram 

9. regar 

10. rexerunt 

11. regemur 

12. regerent 

13. rectus esset 

14. reguntur 

15. reguntor 

16. rexisse 

17. regam 

18. regetur 

19. rexi 

20. rectus erit 



21. rectum 

22. rectus eras 

23. regas 

24. regitur 

25. regebant 

26. regens 

27. recti sunt 

28. rexisses 



41. regebamini 

42. regere 

43. regant 

44. recti sitis 

45. regitis 

46. regeretis 

47. rexeratis 

48. rectu 



29. recturus esse 49. regentur 

30. reguntur 50. regerer 



31. rexeritis 

32. rectus sis 

33. regamus 

34. rexissemus 
35- regit 

36. regebamus 

37. regeremim 

38. rexissent 

39. rectus es 

40. regite 



51. regens 

52. recti eramus 

53. regito 

54. rectus est 

55. regimur 

56. rectus 

57. recti erimus 

58. regantur 

59. rectus essem 

60. regunt 



^Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the context. 



THIRD CONJUGATION 



99 



193- 



PRACTICE ON REGO. 



Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of 
each form and translate. 



I. 


he will rule. 


3i- 


I had ruled. 


2. 


to rule. 


32. 


you have been ruled. 


3- 


thou art ruled. 


33- 


he shall rule. 


4- 


I had been ruled. 


34- 


ruling. 


5- 


we shall be ruled. 


35. 


we had been ruled. 


6. 


rule thou. 


36. 


you will have ruled. 


7- 


we have ruled. 


37- 


I shall have been ruled. 


8. 


I rule. 


38. 


they will rule. 


9- 


for ruling. 


39. 


he will have been ruled. 


10. 


they were ruled. 


40. 


you will rule. 


ii. 


you had ruled. 


41. 


we shall have been ruled 


12. 


I shall rule. 


42. 


they have been ruled. 


13- 


we were ruled. 


43- 


he is ruled. 


14. 


they shall rule. 


44. 


rule ye. 


15- 


you will be ruled. 


45- 


they have ruled. 


16. 


I was ruled. 


46. 


he will be ruled. 


17. 


thou hast ruled. 


47- 


we rule. 


18. 


be ye ruled. 


48. 


to have ruled. 


19. 


of ruling. 


49. 


I ruled. 


20. 


we shall rule. 


50. 


he was ruled. 


21. 


I shall be ruled. 


5i- 


thou wilt have ruled. 


22. 


they are ruled. 


52. 


he has ruled. 


23- 


they had been ruled. 


53- 


you ruled. 


24. 


he has been ruled. 


54. 


he will have ruled. 


25. 


we are ruled. 


55- 


they had ruled. 


26. 


to have been ruled. 


56. 


I have been ruled. 


27. 


they will be ruled. 


57. 


you will have been ruled 


28. 


he rules. 


58. 


to be ruled. 


29. 


he had ruled. 


59- 


he had been ruled. 


30. 


they ruled. 


60. 


he shall he ruled. 



'L.cFC. 



100 THIRD CONJUGATION 

EXERCISES. 

ago, cognosco, defendo, peto, tego. 

194. 1. Peeora a pastoribus in agros agebantur. 2. 
Urbes provincial a militibus Romanis defenduntur. 3. 
Homines pacem salutemque auxiliumque petunt. 4. 
Opiniones omnium civium cognotae erant. 5. Milites 
latrones ex castris egerunt. 6. Pauci custodes arcem 
urbis defenderant. 7. Nuntius navibus nautas validos 
petet. 8. Tectum arcis pice texerunt. 9. Milites magna 
celeritate opus agebant. 

195. 1. The ambassador of the enemy is seeking 
peace. 2. The soldiers had defended the town and the 
townsmen. 3. The horsemen were driving the citizens 
across the bridge. 4. We have sought safety in flight. 
5. The plans of the leaders had not been learned by the 
spies. 6. The roadway will be covered with snow by 
the storm. 7. The orator will have defended the man's 
honor. 8. The cattle have been driven toward the river. 
9. The father of the boy will seek food and water. 10. 
The old men were defended by the consul. 

EXERCISES. 

dico, mitto, cado, ostendo, scribo. 

196. 1. Verba ab interprete dicta sunt. 2. Caro in 
ignem cadet. 3. Mitto pro civibus ad regem nuntium. 
4. Senatores oppidanis leges ostenderunt. 5. Explorato- 
resne in regionem novam missi erant? 6. Cortex ab 
arboribus cadebat. 7. Multae epistulae a scribis scriptae 
erunt. 8. Xovus gladius centurionis legato ostenditur. 
9. Legatum ad Romanos non miserimus. 10. Pro lege 
nova orationem longam scripseram. 

197. STUDY RULE OF SYNTAX 27 ON PAGE 37. 



THIRD CONJUGATION 101 

198. i. The messenger of the king had been sent to 
the leader of the men. 2. The sailor has fallen into the 
deep river. 3. The farmer shows great pleasure on 
account of the full crops. 4. Did not the walls of the 
tower fall upon the man's companion? 5. The com- 
mander's plan was told to the interpreter. 6. The old 
men had written letters to the king. 7. He will have 
sent the youth a sword. 8. A letter will be written on 
behalf of the merchants. 9. I shall not send the fleet 
against the enemy. 

EXERCISES, 
dedo, duco, gero, pono, vinco. 

199. 1. Latro ante judices ducitur. 2. Milites homi- 
nem in carcere posuerunt. 3. Pedites cum militibus 
regis bellum gesserant. 4. Vincebamur in multis pugnis 
ab imperatore Romano. 5. Equi agricolarum in agros 
ducti erant. 6. Ponemus senes in loco salutis. 7. De- 
fensores urbis victoribus se dedebant. 8. Gereturne 
bellum contra socios oppidanorum ? 9. Legiones Cae- 
saris multitudine servorum vincit. 10. Ducam cives in 
castra imperatoris. 

200. 1. The soldiers of Caesar had been conquered by 
the enemy. 2. We shall wage war against the men of 
the city. 3- Have you placed the children in the wagon ? 
4. The deserters were led before the king. 5. The 
townsmen were waging war with the soldiers near the 
river. 6. The slaves were surrendering themselves (se) 
to the commander. 7. Will not the children be placed 
near the women? 8. We are being conquered by the 
chiefs of Gaul. 9. The old men will have been led to 
seats near the king. 10. The chief had surrendered the 
state to the Romans, 



102 THIRD CONJUGATION 



EXERCISES.* 
cingo, deligo, perdo, rego, traho. 

201. i. Rex populum cum lenitate rexerat. 2. 
Milites fugitivos cinxerint. 3. Arbores ex silvis ad 
flumen trahebantur. 4. Nonne judices a populo deli- 
gentur? 5. Princeps magna dimcultate cives urbis re- 
gebat. 6. Equus in pulvere hominem trahit. 7. Tem- 
pestas arbores floresque perdidit. 8. Classis ducis na- 
vibus hostium cincta erat. 9. Gens a principibus multis 
recta est. 10. Trahent rates in litus. 

202. 1. We shall surround the camp of the enemy 
with soldiers. 2. The judges were chosen by the people. 
3. The king ruled the people with great kindness. 4. 
They will have chosen a leader for the soldiers. 5. Does 
the king rule with severity? 6. The work of the car- 
penters had been destroyed by the storm. 7. The city 
will be surrounded with a wall. 8. The chief of the state 
will rule the tribes. 9. The soldiers had ruined all the 
crops. 10. The plough-shares will be dragged through 
the fields. 

EXERCISES, 
caedo, educo, quaero, relinquo, verto. 

203. 1. Equites gladiis cives multos ceciderunt. 2. 
Opiniones ducum a rege quaerentur. 3. Hostes ad 
oppidum agmen vertunt. 4. Oppidani cum uxoribus 
a hostibus caesi erant. 5. Imperator milites ex castris 
educebat. 6. Equi in agros ab agricolis educuntur. 7. 
Legionem auxilio castris reliquemus. 8. Senex ad 
fiumen os vertit. 9. Multosne homines caedebant? 10. 
Mercatorcs carros in litore reliquerunt. 

*Study Rule of Syntax 22, page 36, 



THIRD CONJUGATION 103 

204. i. The enemy had turned the ships toward the 
shore. 2. The old men will be left in the woods. 3. 
The soldiers have killed a multitude of the enemy. 4. 
The cattle are being led to the fields. 5. A legion was 
left as an aid to the townsmen. 6. Many sailors had been 
killed. 7. Will the enemy lead out many men? 8. 
The leader is seeking brave men on account of the dan- 
ger. 9. The enemy's fleet did not turn towards the 
shore. 10. All the senators and the nobility were killed. 



EXERCISES, 
elaudo, constituo, credo, parco, vivo.* 

205. 1. Oppidani nocte portas oppidi claudent. 2. 
Constituimus tempus reditionis. 3. Nonne dux civibus 
liberisque parcet? 4. Responsum nuntii non creditum 
erat. 5. Caesar hominibus propter virtutem parcit. 6. 
Ratio pugnae a ducibus constituta est. 7. Portamturris 
contra hostes clausit. 8. Hiems floribus in agris non 
parcit. 9. Imperator civibus urbis crediderat. 10. 
Multae aves in arboribus oppidi vivunt. 

206. 1. The commander will spare the children of the 
city. 2. The townsmen closed the gates of the town. 
3. We live according to the customs of the time. 4. 
The gate of the tower has been closed by the guards. 5. 
The old men of the city had been spared by the enemy. 

6. The judge determined the punishment of the robbers. 

7. The centurion did not believe the soldiers. 8. Men 
live on the earth, but birds in the air. 9. A time for the 
surrender was determined by the leader. 10. The 
words of the woman were not believed by the men. 

*Study again Rule of Syntax 16, page 35. 



104 THIRD CONJUGATION 



REVIEW EXERCISES.* 

207. 1. Boni principes in civitate cives cum lenitate 
regent. 2. Imperator ex castris milites trans pontem 
duxit. 3. Nonne mulieres atque liberi in urbe a duce parsi 
sunt? 4. In magna humilitate pacem ab imperatore 
petivimus. 5. Brevis epistula ad consulem pro homine 
scripta erat. 6. Mittisne principibus civitatis auxilium? 

7. Sine elassi navium magnarum Gallos non vincemus. 

8. Films agricolae pecora in agros prope flumen egit. 9. 
Bellum longum a Roma atque a civitatibus Italiae 
geretur. 10. Pulchra urbs a multis civibus defende- 
batur. 11. Multitudo hostium a militibus in longo bello 
caesa erat. 12. Rex urbis omnes portas propter teme- 
ritatem civium claudet. 

208. 1. The horsemen have killed a great number of 
men across the river. 2. All the gates of the city will be 
closed at night. 3. The brave soldiers had conquered 
the enemy with great difficulty. 4. The noble king 
ruled the people without difficulty on account of his gen- 
tleness. 5. Are the citizens waging war against the 
bold robbers? 6. The fierce animals had killed the 
faithful shepherd. 7. Prudent generals are leading the 
soldiers of Rome. 8. The child wrote the letter with 
great difficulty. 9. The city will be defended through 
the night by the king's horsemen. 10. The townsmen 
have closed all the large gates. 11. The children are 
sending the best flowers to a sick man. 12. The old 
men with eagerness sought peace on behalf of their 
wives and children. 

*Sttidy again Rule of Syntax 25, page 37. 



THIRD CONJUGATION 105 



REVIEW EXERCISES.* 

209. 1. Dux liberis in oppido ultra flumen parcet. 2. 
Magna classis Romanorum vento in litus cum celeritate 
acta est. 3. Senes cum difficultate turrem defendunt 
4. Principes civitatis cum crudelitate regebant. 5 
Multae epistulae de bello ad regem scriptae erant. 6 
Geremus bellum marique terraque contra hostes. 7 
Principes ad Caesarem legationem magnam miserunt 
8. Equites celeribus equis milites hostium vincent. 9 
Hostes a Caesare pacem non petiverant. 10. Consul a 
civibus saxis atque gladiis caedebatur. 11. Portae urbis 
propter bellum a consulibus clausae sunt. 12. Matres 
liberos in locum salutis cum celeritate ducunt. 

210. 1. Within the memory of man such a cruel war 
had never been waged. 2. The men are seeking safety 
in swift flight. 3. The soldiers have driven the enemy 
into the marshes and the woods. 4. The fleet of the 
Romans was conquered by the ships of the Gauls. 5. 
The sick old man will be spared. 6. The gates had been 
quickly shut and the citizens armed for battle. 7. A 
few brave horsemen had been sent across the bridge into 
the enemy's country. 8. Is not the chief writing a letter 
to the king? 9. The wise proconsul will defend the 
cities of the province. 10. Many foot-men are being 
killed in the battle near the river. 11. We have led the 
soldiers with speed through the valley and the woods. 
12. The Romans waged war with the Gauls for many 
years. 

*Study Rule of Syntax 21, page 37. 



106 FOURTH CONJUGATION 

211. FOURTH CONJUGATION. 

I-VERBS. 
Audio (root aud), to hear. 
PRINCIPAL PARTS: Audi6, audlre, audivi, audltum. 

INDICATIVE. 

ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. 

PRESENT. 

audio, I hear, (am hearing, do) audior, I am heard (am being h.) 

audis, thou hear est. audlris (-re), thou art heard. 

audit, he hears. auditur, he is heard. 

audlmus, we hear. audfmur, ice are heard. 

audltis, you hear. audfmini, you are heard. 

audiunt, they hear. audiuntur, they are heard. 

IMPERFECT. 

audiebam, I heard, (was hear g) audiebar, / was heard. 

audiSbas, thou heardst. audiebaris (-re), thou wast heard. 

audiSbat, he heard. audiSbatur, he was heard. 

audi&bamus, we heard. audi§bamur, we were heard. 

audifibatis, you heard. audiebamini, you were heard. 

audiebant, they heard. audiSbantur, they were heard. 

FUTURE. 

audiam, / shall hear. audiar, / shall be heard. 

audies, thou wilt hear. audieris (-re), thou wilt be heard. 

audiet, he will hear. audiStur, he will be heard. 

audiemus, vje shall hear. audigmur, we shall be heard. 

audifitis, you will hear. . audieminl, you will be heard. 
audient, they will hear. audientur, they will be heard. 

PERFECT. 

audivl, / have heard. auditus ( sum, / have been heard. 

audivisti, thou hast heard. -a, -um \ es, thou hast beenheard_ 

audivit, he Jtas heard. ( est, he has been heard. 

audivimus, we have heard. auditl / sumus, we have been h. 

audlvistis, you have heard . -ae,-a - estis, you have been h. 

audiverunt (-re), they have heard. \ sunt, they have been h. 



FOURTH CONJUGATION 



107 



ACTIVE VOICE. 

PLUPERFECT. 

audiveram, / had heard. audit us 

audiveras, thou liadsl heard. -a, -um 
audlverat, he had heard. 

audiveramus, we had heard. audit! 

audiveratis, you had heard. -ae, -a 
audiverant, they had heard. 



PASSIVE VOICE 



i' eram, / had been heard. 
- eras, thou had si been h. 
( erat, he had been heard, 
t eram us, we had beenh. 
' erat is, you had been h. 
( erant, they had been h. 



FUTURE 

audlvero, / shall have heard. 
audiveris, thou wilt have heard. 
audiverit, he will have heard. 
audiverimus, we shall have heard. 
audiveritis, you will have heard. 
audlverint, they will have heard. 



PERFECT. 

audltus ( er6, 1 shall have been h. 
-a, -um < eris, thou wilt have, etc. 

' erit, he will have, etc. 
audit! / erimus, we shall h. , etc. 
-ae, -a ■] eritis, you will have, etc. 

( erunt, they will h., etc. 



SUBJUNCTIVE.* 
PRESENT. 



audiam 
audi as 
audiat 


audiamus audiar 
audiatis audiaris (-re) 
audiant audiatur 

IMPERFECT. 


audiamur 
audiamini 
audiantur 


audirem 

audires 

audiret 


audirgmus audlrer 
audlretis audir&ris (-re) 
audlrent audlretur 

PERFECT. 


audiremur 
audlrfcmini 
audlrentur 


audiverim 

audiveris 

audiverit 


audiverimus audltus .' sim 
audiveritis -a,-um } sis 
audlverint ( sit 

PLUPERFECT. 


audit! ( simus 
-ae, -a-| sltis 
( sint 


audivissem 

audlviss€s 

audivisset 


audlvissemus audltus , essem 
audlviss€tis -a, -um -J ess€s 
audivissent ( esset 


audit! ( essemus 
-ae,-a^ sesetis 
' essent 



♦Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the clauses in which they appear. 



108 



FOURTH CONJUGATION 



ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. 

IMPERATIVE. 



audi, hear thou. 
audite, hear ye. 



audito, thou shalt hear. 
audito, he shall hear. 
auditote, ye shall hear. 
audiunto, they shall hear. 



PRESENT. 

audire, be thou heard. 
audlmini, be ye heard. 

FUTURE. 

auditor, thou shalt be heard. 
auditor, he shall be heard. 

audiuntor, they shall be heard. 



INFINITIVE. 

PRES. audire, to hear. audlrl, to be heard. 

PERF. audivisse, to have heard, auditus esse, to have been heard. 
FUT. auditurus esse, to be auditum Irl, to be about to be 

about to hear. heard. 



PARTICIPLES. 

PRES. audiens, -entis, hearing. 

FUT. auditurus, -a, -um, about GER. audiendus, -a, -um, to be 

to hear. heard. 

: PERF. auditus, -a, -um, having 

been heard. 



GERUND. 



G. audiendi, of hearing. 
D. audiendo, for hearing. 
Ac. audiendum, hearing. 
Ab. audiendo, by hearing. 



These forms are 
used as nouns. 



J 



Ac. auditum, to hear. 



SUPINE. 

Ab. audltu, to be heard. 



FOURTH CONJUGATION 



109 



212. 



SOME VERBS OF THE FOURTH 
CONJUGATION. 

Principal Parts. 



Pres. Ind. 


Pres. Inf. , 


Per}. Ind. 


P. P. P. N* 


Meaning. 


aperio 


aperire 


aperuT 


apertum 


— to disclose 


audio 


audire 


audivi 


auditum 


— to hear 


comperio 


comperire 


comperT 


compertum 


— to discover 


consentio 


consentire 


consensT 


consensum 


— to agree 


convenio 


con venire 


convenT 


conventum 


— to come together 


custodio 


custodlre 


custodivT custoditum 


— to guard 


defmio 


defmire 


defimvi 


defmitum 


— to appoint 


evenio 


evenire 


even! 


eventum 


— to happen 


exhaurio 


exhaurire 


exhausi 


exhaustum 


■ — to carry off 


expedio 


expedlre 


expedivT 


expedltum 


— to extricate 


finio 


flnlre 


finivi 


finitum 


— to limit 


impedio 


impedire 


impedivi 


impeditum 


— to impede 


invenio 


invenlre 


inveni 


inventum 


— to find 


mollio 


mollire 


mollivi 


mollitum 


— to soften 


munio 


munire 


munivi 


niiinitum 


— to fortify 


pervenio 


pervenire 


perveni 


perventum 


— to arrive at 


praesentic 


praesentire praesensi praesenstini 


— to find out 


reperio 


reperire 


repperT 


repertum 


— to discover 


sentio 


sentire 


sensT 


sensum 


— to perceive 


servio 


servire 


servivi 


servitum 


— to be a slave 


subvenio 


subvemre 


subveni 


subventum 


— to com ; to aid 


venio 


venire 


venl 


ventum 


— to come 


vestio 


vestlre 


vestivT 


vestitum 


— to clothe 


vincio 


vinclre 


vinx! 


vinctum 


— to bind 



^Perfect Passive Participle, neuter. 



110 



FOURTH CONJUGATION 



21. 



PRACTICE ON AUDIO. 



Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of each 
form and translate wherever possible.* 



i. audls 

2. audi vi 

3. audiverit 

4. audlveram 

5. audiam 



21. audio 

22. audiamur 

23. audi as 

24. auditus es 

25. audiens 



6. auditus essem 26. audiuntor 

7. audior 

8. audiri 



41. audi 

42. audiebas 

43. audiunto 

44. audit! erunt 

45. auditis 

46. audiverunt 



27. auditus erat 47. audit! eramus 

28. aud!veris 48. auditus esse 



9. audientur 

10. aud!te 

11. audiant 

12. aud!vistis 

13. audrto 

14. audiebamin! 

15. audiet 

16. audft! essetis 

17. aud!remur 

18. audiebar- 

19. aud!tum 

20. aud!retur 



29. aud!tum !r! 

30. audit! sint 

31. aud!verant 

32. aud!verimus 52. a.udieris 

33. audit! s!tis 53. aud!visse 



49. audiebamur 

50. audiris 

51. audivissemus 



34. aud!mur 

35. aud!rent 

36. aud!veratis 

37. audiantur 

38. audiunt 

39. aud!vissent 

40. audiemus 



54. audiebaris 

55. auditus sim 

56. audias 

57. auditu 

58. aud!ti sumus 

59. audiebatis 

60. aud!re 



*Subjnnctive forms take their meanings from the eontexk 



FOURTH CONJUGATION 



Ml 



214. 



PRACTICE ON AUDIO. 



Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of 
each form and translate. 



1. he has heard. 


31. he had been heard. 


2. he will hear. 


32. thou hast heard. 


3. he will have been heard. 


33. we shall have heard. 


4. you had been heard. 


34. we are heard. 


5. they will have been heard 


. 35. to be heard. 


6. thou wilt hear. 


36. we have been heard. 


7. be ye heard. 


37. we hear. 


8. he has been heard. 


38. he will have heard. 


9. he heard. 


39. thou hast been heard 


10. you hear. 


40. I had heard. 


11. we have heard. 


41. they hear. 


12. to hear. 


42. you will be heard. 


13. they will have heard. 


43. he was heard. 


14. for hearing. 


44. he shall hear. 


15. they heard. 


45. they had heard. 


16. thou wast heard. 


46. he will be heard. 


17. I am heard. 


47. you had heard. 


18. they will hear. 


48. he is heard. 


19. they have been heard. 


49. they have heard. 


20. to have heard. 


50. hear thou. 


21. hearing. 


51. I shall hear. 


22. I shall be heard. 


52. of hearing. 


23. we shall be heard. 


53. thou wilt have heard 


24. you will hear. 


54. he hears. 


25. we heard. 


55. they are heard. 


26. I shall have been heard. 


56. ye shall hear. 


27. he had heard. 


57. I was heard. 


28. hear ye. 


58. I had been heard. 


29. we were heard. 


59. they were heard. 


30. being about to hear. 


60. be thou heard. 



112 FOURTH CONJUGATION 

EXERCISES, 
aperio, convenio, impedio, munio, venio. 

215. 1. Regi conjurationem turpem aperiemus. 2. 
Mulieres liberique in litore fluminis convenerunt. 

3. Multa oppida Italiae ab oppidanis munita sunt. 

4. Veniebantne in nocte legiones fortes imperatoris? 5. 
Fortis homo difncultatibus operis impediebatur. 6. 
Nuntius regis in urbem venit. 7. Scelus viri civibus 
multis apertum est. 8. Tempestates atque hostes iter 
cohortum non impe diver ant. 9. Oppidum novum valli- 
bus firmis non munivisti. 10. Nautae in puppi navis 
conveniunt. 

216. 1. Caesar fortified the camp with a large number 
of faithful guards. 2. The legions were impeded by 
trees and swamps in the woods. 3. The Roman general 
and the ambassadors of the Gauls will come together. 4. 
The plans of the Roman general were disclosed to the 
enemy. 5. Many soldiers are coming to the tent of 
Caesar. 6. We shall fortify the city with high walls. 7. 
During the night the enemy came together before the 
town. 8. The horsemen had come to the gate of the 
new city. 9. The senators will come together in Rome.* 

EXERCISES, 
audio, expedio, pervenio. servio, vincio. 

217. 1. Legatus bona verba regis audiebat. 2. Legio 
nova ad altum flumen pervenerat. 3. Servi ex palu- 
dibus magnas essedas expedient. 4. Senex domino cru- 
deli serviebat. 5. Equi multi ab equitibus non vincti 
erant. 6. Milites benigna verba senis audiverant. 7. 
Prima luce legiones Caesaris ad litus planum perve- 
nerunt. 8. Equites Romanorum carros e lacu non 
expediverant. 9. Audaces latrones in silvis viros vinx- 
erunt. 10. Sermo hominum ab exploratore audiebatur. 

*Study Rule of Syntax 33, page 38. 



FOURTH CONJUGATION 113 

218. i. The king had heard the cruel words of the 
centurion. 2. The ships of the merchants have not 
arrived. 3. The spies were bound with ropes by the 
soldiers. 4. We shall not be slaves to the enemy. 5. 
The brave messenger arrived at the bridge at day-break. 

6. The old man had been a slave to a noble Roman. 7. 
Have you not heard the noble response of the com- 
mander? 8. I did not hear the conversation of the 
horsemen. 9. The enemy bound the leader and the 
horsemen. 10. The slave hears the voice of the old man. 

EXERCISES, 
consentio, custodio, evenio, invenio, subvenio.* 

219. 1. Milites cum imperatore de proelio non con- 
sentiebant. 2. Difficultates multae in bello atque in 
pace eveniunt. 3. In brevi tempore legio defensoribus 
subvenerat. 4. Exploratores a duce cum cura custo- 
diebantur. 5. In oppido viros multos et fortes invenie- 
mus. 6. Imperator atque cives de bello consenserunt. 

7. Omnia non evenerunt ut expectavimus. 8. Nonne 
equites oppidanis defessis subvenient? 9. Periculis 
belli liberos non custodiebas. 10. In oppido pauci 
homines nobiles inveniebantur. 

220. 1. The old men and the children will be guarded 
by the horsemen. 2. The death of the consul happened 
last month. 3. The men have found a spy in the city. 
4. All the leaders agreed concerning the war. 5. You 
have guarded the fortress w T ith great bravery. 6. The 
horsemen had come to the aid of the foot-soldiers. 7. 
Does not the general agree with the leaders? 8. Many 
things happen contrary to our expectation. 9. We shall 
come to the aid of the brave defenders. 



*Subvenio; Study Rule of Syntax 12, page 34. 



114 FOURTH CONJUGATION 



REVIEW EXERCISES. 

221. i. Miles fontem aquae in ariclo loco invenit. 2. 
Castra aggeribus atque fossis muniebantur. 3. Nomi- 
na conjuratorum regi aperta sunt. 4. Milites regis funibus 
latrones vinxerunt. 5. Imperator in fines hostium cum 
copiis pervenerat. 6. Nonne cum equitibus regi sub- 
venies? 7. Calones carris impedimentisque impedie- 
bantur. 8. Senatores togis longis et pulchris vestiti 
erant. 9. Post bellum longum Galli Romanis servie- 
bant. 10. Socii in bello Romanis non subvenerant. 11. 
Omnes cum militibus navibusque conveniemus. 12. 
Nautae et milites de consilio consentient. 13. Multa 
oppida Italiae a militibus Romanis custodiuntur. 14. 
Nonne sermonem senis audiebas? 

222. 1. The camp-followers were clothed in old 
garments. 2. She was a slave to the wife of the Roman 
general. 3. The bad condition of the enemy's fleet had 
been disclosed to the general. 4. The good friend of the 
consul came with a legion of brave soldiers. 5. The 
general will fortify the old town with a high wall. 6. A 
large fleet will arrive at the island before night. 7. All 
the leaders do not agree about the return of the fleet. 8. 
The men heard an outcry in the solitude of the woods. 
9. He has not come to aid the guards at the bridge. 10. 
The man will guard the wagons with great care. 11. 
The work of the soldiers was impeded by the sallies of the 
enemy. 12. All the ships of the Roman fleet are gath- 
ering together in one place. 13. A large supply of food 
was found in the fortress of the city. 14. The spy had 
tied his horse to a tree in the woods. 



FOURTH CONJUGATION II') 



REVIEW EXERCISES. 

223. I. Prima luce hospites regis venient. 2. Iter 
copiarum Romanarum montibus tluminibusque impe- 
diebatur. 3. Mulieres liberosque urbis custodio. 4. 
Multi milites custodibus pontis subvenerunt. 5. De 
poena viri omnes judices non consentiebant. 6. Locus 
hostium fumo aperiebatur. 7. Centurio sacerdotem 
templi Jovis vinxerat. 8, Nonne senatores vestibus 
pulchris vestiebantur? 9. Cives in nive virum inve- 
nerunt. 10. Remiges magistro navis serviunt. 11. 
Nocte secunda imperator Romanus cum legionibus 
pervenit. 12. Locus a civibus munitus erat. 13. 
Verba legati non audiebam. 14. Omnes milites causa 
belli conveniunt. 

224. 1. The camp-followers had disclosed the hiding- 
place of the spies. 2. A legion is coming to the aid of the 
general. 3. The condition of the roadway impeded the 
march of the cohort. 4. At night he tied the horse to a 
large oak tree. 5. The judges have not agreed con- 
cerning the new laws. 6. The hill had been fortified on 
all sides by the Gauls. 7. The large new chariot of the 
king has not yet come. 8. A legion of soldiers is guard- 
ing the booty of the battle. 9. The children have found 
beautiful flowers in the valley. 10. The farmers came 
together from the fields into the city. 11. A multitude 
of people will hear Cicero's oration. 12. The brave son 
of the king had arrived with the horsemen. 13. The 
noble man was a slave to a cruel master. 14. We shall 
clothe the children in beautiful new clothes. 



116 



FOURTH DECLENSION 



FOURTH DECLENSION. 

225. The stem ends in u. 

226. Gender. — Most nouns is us are masculine, those in u are 
neuter.* 

Example. 

Singular. 

senatus, the senate. 
senatus, of the senate. 
senatui, to, for the senate. 
senatum, the senate. 
senatii 

Plural. 

senatus, senates. 
senatuum, of senates. 
senatibus, to, for senates. 
senatus, senates. 
senatibus 

Example. 

Singular. 

cornu, a wing. 
cornus, of a wing. 
cornu, to, for a wing. 
cornu, a wing. 
cornu 

Plural. 

cornua, wings. 
cornuum, of wings. 
cornibus, to, for wings. 
cornua, wings. 
cornibus 

229. NOTE. — The following nouns have ubus in the dative 
and the ablative plural : artus, joint; partus, birth; portus, harbor; 
tribus, tribe; verti, a spit; and two-syllable words in cus. 

230. Domus, house, is partly second declension and partly 
fourth declension. 



22 


7. Case Endings. 




Singular. 


N.V. 


... .us 


G. 


... .us 


D. 


Ul (u) 


Ac. 


. . . .urn 


Ab. 


. . . .u 




Plural. 


N.V. 


... .us 


G. 


. . . .uum 


D. 


. . . .ibus (ubus) 


Ac. 


... .us 


Ab. 


.... ibus (ubus) 


228. Case Endings. 




Singular. 


N.V. 


. . . .u 


G. 


... .us 


D. 


. . . .u 


Ac. 


. . . .u 


Ab. 


. . . .u 




Plural. 


N.V. 


. . . .ua 


G. 


. . . .uum 


D. 


. . . .ibus (ubus) 


Ac. 


. . . .ua 


Ab. 


.... ibus (ubus) 





Singular. 


Plural. 


N.V. 


domus 


domus 


G. 


domus (domi, loc.) 


domuum (domorum) 


D. 


domui (domo) 


domibus 


Ac. 


domum 


domos (domus) 


Ab. 


domo (domii) 


domibus 



*The following nouns are feminine: acus, anus, colus, domus, 
Idus, manus, nurus, porticus, socrus, tribus. 



FOURTH DECLENSION 117 



231. VOCABULARY. 

adventus, M., arrival manus, M. hand 

conatus, M. attempt metus, M. fear 

consessus, M. eon sent passus, M. step, pace 

consulates, M. consulship portus, M. harbor 

conventus, M. assembly senates, M. senate 

equitatus, M. cavalry tumultus, M. tumult 

exercitus, M. army vultus, M. countenance 

impetus, M . attack cornu, N . wing (of army) 

lacus, M. lake genu, N. knee 

magistrates, M. magistrate veru, N. a spit 

EXERCISES. 

232. 1. Naves in portu a civibus captae sunt. 2. 
Metus populi adventu militum augebatur. 3. Caesar 
impetum hostium coercuit. 4. Bellum consensu om- 
nium indictum erat. 5. Exercitus Romanus impetum 
hostium non exspectabat. 6. Dux in cornu sinistro 
equitatum instruxit. 7. Lacus ab oppido quinque 
milia passuum abest. 8. Miles in manu dextra gladium 
tenebat. 9. Tumultus magnus in urbe est propter 
crudelitatem magistrates. 10. Homo in genu vulne- 
ratus erat. 

233. 1. On the arrival of the general the senate was 
called together. 2. The horsemen await the attack on 
the shore of the lake. 3. For many hours the cavalry- 
had driven the fugitives. 4. The assembly has ordered 
new weapons for the army. 5. On their knees the 
ambassadors begged for peace. 6. The magistrates 
have seen the ships in the harbor. 7. They tied the 
hands of all the captives. 8. The man's countenance 
was pale from fear. 9. The water in the lake is clear. 
10. At night the army encamped near the town. 



118 



FIFTH DECLENSION 



FIFTH DECLENSION. 
234. The stem ends in e. 

235.— Gender. — Feminine (except dies, day, masc ? ) 



N.V 

G. 

D. 

Ac. 

Ab. 



236. Case endings. 

Plur. 
. . es 



Sing. 



es 

el 

el 

em 

e 



erum 
ebus 
es 
ebus 



Example. 


Sing. 


Plur. 


dies 


dies 


die! 


diSrum 


die! 


diebus 


diem 


dies 


die 


diebus 



237- 

acies, F. line 0} battle 
dies, M . day 
fides, F. pledge 
meridies, M. noon 
mollities, F. softness 



VOCABULARY. 



pernicies, F. ruin 
planities, F. plain 
res, F. event 
species, F. sight 
spes, F. hope 



res piiblica, F. republic. 

EXERCISES. 

238. 1. Virtus hominum spe praemiorum magnorum 
aucta est. 2. .In tribus diebus cum equis equitibusque 
veniam. 3. Romani non magnam spem victoriae ha- 
bent. 4. Imperator copias collegit atque meridie proe- 
lium commisit. 5. Mollities vestis principi Gallico 
placuit. 6. Die quinto consul ad urbem perveniet. 7. 
Hostes in acie ante portas urbis instructi erant. 8. 
Meridie Caesar in planitiem milites ducet. 9. Consul 
rem publicam e manibus conjuratorum sumpsit. 10. 
In aestate longi, in hieme breves sunt dies. 



FIFTH DECLENSION 119 

239. i. At midday the army arrived at the town. 2. 
The general has drawn up a line of battle on the plain 
near the river. 3. The next day the forces pitched 
camp near the gates of the city. 4. The pledges of the 
king had been fulfilled by the soldiers. 5. Such events 
will bring ruin to the state. 6. The people of the 
republic have obtained pledges from the consul. 7. On 
account of the number of men the leaders had great hope 
of victory. 8. There was great destruction of property 
by the robbers. 9. The ships in the harbor were a 
beautiful sight. 10. The inhabitants of the neighboring 
towns had gathered on the plain. 

REVIEW EXERCISES. 

[fourth and fifth declensions.] 

240. 1. Equitatus Caesaris in urbe tumultum com- 
movit. 2. Exercitum in planitiem non mittemus. 3. 
In genibus magistatus civibus pacem petiverunt. 4. 
Proximo die conventus a consule convocabatur. 5. 
Homines urbis victoribus fides dederunt. 6. Meridie 
sol in medio caeli stabat. 7. Magnus metus custodes 
castrorum opprimebat. 8. ' Domus legati in paucis diebus 
occupabitur. 9. Remiges magna celeritate trans lacum 
lintres agebant. 

241. 1. The sight of the cavalry in line of battle pleased 
the children. 2. The affairs of the state had fallen 
into the hands of wicked men. 3. The ships of the 
enemy will not remain in the harbor many days. 4. 
The tumult in the city has disturbed the senate. 5. The 
soldiers placed the meat on spits over the fire. 6. On 
the arrival of the senate the people were silent. 7. The 
army moved the camp into the plain. 8. The left wing 
of the cavalry was routed by the enemy. 



120 



THIRD CONJUGATION 



242. THIRD CONJUGATION. 

10— VERBS. 

Capio (root cap), to take. 

Principal Parts: capio, capere, cepi, captum. 



INDICATIVE. 



ACTIVE VOICE. 



PASSIVE VOICE. 

PRESENT, 
capio, I take, {am taking, do) capior, I am taken {am being t.) 



capis, thou takest. 
capit, he takes. 
capimus, we take. 
capitis, you take. 
capiunt, they take. 



caperis (-re), thou art taken. 
capitur, he is taken. 
capimur, we are taken. 
capimini, you are taken. 
capiuntur, they are taken. 



IMPERFECT 

capiebam, / took {ujas taking). capiebar, / was taken 

capiebas, thou tookest. 

capiebat, he took. 

capiebamus, we took. 

capiebatis, you took. 

capiebant, they took. 



capiebaris (-re), thou wast taken. 
capiebatur, he was taken. 
capiebamur, we were taken. 
capiebamini, you were taken. 
capiebantur, they were taken. 



capiam, 
capieSj 



/ shall take, 
thou wilt take. 



capiet, he will take. 
capiemus, we shall take. 
capietis, you will take. 
capient, they will take. 



FUTURE. 

capiar, / shall be taken. 
capieris (-re), thou wilt be taken. 
capietur, he will be taken. 
capiemur, we shall be taken. 
capieminl, you will be taken. 
capientur, they will be taken. 

PERFECT. 



cepi, / have taken. 
cepisti, thou hast taken. 
cepit, he has taken. 
cepimus, we have taken. 
cepistis, you have taken. 
ceperunt, (-re) they have taken. 



captus t sum, / have been taken. 
-a, -urn -| es, thou hast been taken. 

( est, he has been taken. 
captl / sumus, we have been t. 
-ae, -a -, estis, you have been t, 

( sunt, they have been t. 



THIRD CONJUGATION 



121 



ACTIVE VOICE. 



PASSIVE VOICE. 



PLUPERFECT. 



ceperam, / had taken. 
ceperas, thou hadst taken. 
ceperat, he had taken. 
ceperamus, we had taken. 
ceperatis, you had taken. 
ceperant, they had taken. 



captus i eram, / had been taken 

-a, -um -n eras, thou hadst been t. 

\ erat, he had been taken . 

capti ( eramus, we had been t. 

-ae, -a \ eratis, you had been t. 



erant, they had been t. 



cepero, I shall have taken. 



ceperis, thou wilt have taken. 
ceperit, he will have taken. 
ceperimus, we shall have taken 
ceperitis, you will have taken. 
ceperint, they will have taken. 



FUTURE PERFECT. 

captus t ero, I shall have been t 



-a, -um -' eris, thou wilt have, etc. 

\ erit, he will have, etc. 
capti t erimus, we shall have, etc. 
-ae, -a-; eritis, you will have, etc. 
\ erunt, they will have, etc. 



SUBJUNCTIVE* 



PRESENT. 



capiam 

capias 

capiat 



caperem 

caperes 
caperet 



cepenm 

ceperis 

ceperit 



cepissem 

cepisses 

cepisset 



capiamus 

capiatis 

capiant 



capiar 

capiaris (-re) 
capiatur 



IMPERFECT. 



caperemus 

caperetis 

caperent 



caperer 
capereris (-re) 
caperetur 



ceperimus 

ceperitis 

ceperint 



PERFECT. 

captus 



capiamur 
capiamini 
capiantur 



caperemur 
caperemini 
caperentur 




PLUPERFECT. 



cepissemus 

cepissetis 

cepissent 



captus 
-a 



c essem capti i essemus 
] esses -ae,-a^ 
( esset ( 



-ae,-a-j essetis 
essent 



*Sttbiunctive forms take their meanings from the clauses in 
which they appear. 



122 THIRD CONJUGATION 

ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. 

IMPERATIVE. 

PRESENT. 

cape, take thou. capere, be thou taken. 

capite, take ye. capimini, be ye taken. 

FUTURE. 

capito, thou shalt take. capitor, thou shalt be taken. 

capito, he shall take. capitor, he shall be taken. 
capitote, you shall take. 

capiunto, they shall take. capiuntor, they shall be taken. 

INFINITIVE. 

PRES. capere, to take. capi, to be taken. 

PERF. cepisse, to have taken. captus esse, to have been taken. 

FUT. capturus esse, to be about 

to take. captum iri, to be about to be taken. 

PARTICIPLES. 

PRES. capiens, -entis, taking. ■ 

FUT. capturus, -a, -um, about GER. capiendus, -a, -um, to be 

to take. taken. 

PERF. captus, -a, -um, having 

been taken. 

GERUND. 

G. capiendi, of taking. 

D. capiendd, for taking. These forms are 

Ac. capiendum, taking. used as nouns. 

Ab. capiendo, by taking. 

SUPINE. 

Ac. captum, to take. Ab. captu, to be taken. 



THIRD CONJUGATION 



123 



243. SOME VERBS IN "10" OF THE THIRD 

CONJUGATION. 



Pres. hid 


. Pres. Inf. 


Per). Ind. 


P. P. P.N .* 


Meaning. 


accipio 


accipere 


accepT 


acceptum 


— to receive 


capio 


capere 


cepi 


captum 


— to take, seize 


conficio 


conficere 


confecT 


confectum 


— -to accomplish 


conicio 


conicere 


conjeci 


conjectum 


— to throw together 


c6nspicio 


conspicere 


conspexT 


conspectum 


— to perceive 


cupio 


cupere 


cupivi (if 


) cupitum 


— to desire 


despicio 


despicere 


despexi 


despectum 


— to look down 


diripio 


diripere 


diripui 


dire p turn 


— to plunder 


efficio 


efficere 


effeci 


e flee turn 


— to produce 


effugio 


effugere 


effugi 


effugitum 


— to flee out 


eicio 


eicere 


ejeci 


ejectum 


— to cast out, up 


eripio 


eripere 


eripui 


ereptum 


— to tear out 


facio 


facere 


feci 


factum 


— to make, do 


fugio 


fugere 


fugi 


fugitum 


— to flee 


interficio 


interficere 


interfeci 


interfectum 


— to slay 


obicio 


obicere 


objeci 


objectum 


— to throw against 


pario 


parere 


peperT 


par turn 


— to procure 


patefacio patefacere patefeci 


patefactum 


— to lay open 


percipiO 


percipere 


percepT 


perceptum 


— to take in 


perficiO 


perficere 


perfecT 


perfectum 


— to finish 


proficio 


proficere 


pro feci 


profectum 


—to advance 


recipio 


recipere 


recepi 


receptum 


— to take back 


re fugio 


refugere 


refugi 


refugitum 


— to flee back 


respicio 


respicere 


respexi 


respectum 


— to look back 


suscipio 


suscipere 


suscepi 


susceptum 


— to undertake 


suspicio 


suspicere 


suspexi 


suspectum 


— to suspect 



^Perfect Passive Participle, neuter* 



124 



THIRD CONJUGATION 



244. 



PRACTICE ON CAPIO. 



Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of 
each form and translate wherever possible.* 



1. capio 

2. capies 

3. ceperunt 

4. captus eris 

5. cepissent 

6. capiebar 

7. capiantur 

8. capiens 

9. capti sunt 

10. capiebat 

11. captus esset 

12. capiant 

13. capite 

14. cepisti 

15. captus es 

16. ceperas 

17. cape 

18. capiunt 

19. capere 

20. caperent 



21. capiebantur 41. captus est 

22. capitor 42. captu 

23. capti sumus 43. capiebatis 



24. caperis 

25. capietur 

26. ceperim 

27. ceperit 

28. capiemini 

29. caperer 

30. ceperint 

31. capiat 

32. cepi 

33. capito 

34. capient 

35. cepisset 

36. capti erunt 

37. capit 

38. cepisse 

39. ceperat 



44. captus esse 

45. capitis 

46. caperes 

47. capti essent 

48. capiuntor 

49. cepimus 

50. ceperimus 

51. capias 

52. captum 

53. ceperant 

54. capimur 

55. captus erit 

56. cepissemus 

57. caperemur 

58. capiebatur 

59. cepistis 



40. captus essem 60. capti essetis 



* Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the context. 



TiriRD CONJUGATION 



125 



245. 



PRACTICE ON CAPIO. 



Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of 
each form and translate. 



1. we took. 31. 

2. be thou taken. 32. 

3. he will be taken. 33. 

4. you take. 34. 

5. they have taken. 35. 

6. he will take. 36. 

7. to take. 37. 

8. we shall take. 38. 

9. thou wilt be taken. 39. 

10. I shall be taken. 40. 

11. he takes. 41. 

12. I shall have been taken. 42. 

13. you took. 43. 

14. they will be taken. 44. 

15. we take. 45. 

16. taking. 46. 

17. be ye taken 47. 

18. we are taken. 48. 

19. they shall be taken. 49. 

20. you are taken. 50. 

21. he is taken. 51. 

22. take ye. 52. 

23. he has taken. 53. 

24. he took. 54. 

25. thou wilt take. 55. 

26. they have been taken. 56. 

27. he will be taken. 57. 

28. for taking. 58. 

29. you were taken. 59. 

30. he was taken. 60. 



they had been taken. 

we shall be taken. 

to be taken. 

thou wilt have taken. 

they will take. 

he had taken. 

they will be taken. 

I have taken. 

they are taken. 

he shall be taken. 

I had taken. 

he has been taken. 

of taking. 

we had taken. 

to have taken. 

we have taken. 

thou hast taken 

I took. 

I shall have taken. 

he has been taken. 

I have been taken. 

I take. 

you had taken. 

we shall have been taken 

take thou. 

I shall take. 

they had taken. 

he shall take. 

we were taken. 

they were taken. 



126 THIRD CONJUGATION 



EXERCISES. 

246. 1. Servi fugitivi prope pontem veterem capti 
sunt. 2. Feminae' timidae in arcem fugient. 3. Aeger 
servus a magistro crudeli e domicilio eiciebatur. 4. 
Viri ab equitibus effugiebant. 5. Rex nobilis a turpibus 
conjuratis interfectus erat. 6. Omnia facinora hominis 
ab oratore patefacientur. 7. Legatus fidelis magno 
honore accipitur. 8. In silvas refrigerant. 9. Fugi- 
tivus defessus ab ira acerba imperatoris effugit. 10. 
Certa oppida provinciae non direpta sunt. 

247. 1. The bold slave will seize the master's money. 
2. The conspiracy of the wicked soldiers was not sus- 
pected by the kind general. 3. Many wagons full of 
fodder will be procured for the army. 4. The citizens 
are fleeing out from the city into the woody mountains. 
5. The famous leaders have undertaken an embassy to 
the states. 6. An unknown man had been captured in 
the woods. 7. We shall cast up a rampart around the 
camp. 8. The cause of peace had been advanced by the 
old man. 9. Have you not accomplished the work? 

248. 1. Puer fortunatus in pugna non vulnus accep- 
erat. 2. Cives multi a tyranno interfecti sunt. 3. 
Fugiebantne viri cum uxoribus atque liberis? 4. Opus 
in paucis diebus a servo perito perficietur. 5. Sus- 
cipietne pensum difficile? 6. Puer a laeto parente 
receptus est. 7. Magna multitudo Helvetiorum trans 
flumen refugerunt. 8. Sociis injuriam magnam fecisti. 
9. Ex flammis puer ereptus erat. 10. Agmen magna 
eeleritate proficit. 

249. STUDY RULES OF SYNTAX 19, PAGE 35. 



THIRD CONJUGATION 127 

EXERCISES. 

250. 1. Huge stones and many weapons were hurled 
against* the enemy. 2. The enemy had seized the 
mountain during the night. 3. The strong rowers were 
eager for the contest. 4. The weak townsmen had been 
despised by the soldiers. 5. The danger of the Roman 
women has been perceived by the men. 6. Do you 
espy the camp of the Romans in the valley? 7. The plan 
of war is being carried out with great skill. 8. The 
treachery of the scouts has been laid open to the Romans. 
9. The sailors will flee at the approach of the horsemen. 

251. 1. Equites res necessarias exercitui non pepe- 
rerant. 2. Omne indicium a Cicerone consule pate- 
faciebatur. 3. Custodes latrones audaces in carcerem 
conicient. 4. Helvetii in montes altos refugiunt. 5. 
Agger magnus hostibus obicitur.* 6. Eques ad flumen 
atque trans pontem fugit. 7. Argentum a mercatoribus 
recipietur. 8. Iter longum sine multa mora confectum 
erat. 9. Servum diu suspiciebam. 10. Nonne comes 
regis pilo interficiebatur? 

252. 1. We have not captured the baggage and 
horses of the cavalry. 2. The work is being carried on 
with little delay. 3. I am fleeing on account of the 
number of the horsemen. 4. The cavalry had fled back 
to camp without the leader. 5. Peace will be made 
with the brave men of the province. 6. The merchant's 
wish was carried out by the son. 7. The captive birds 
long for the freedom of the country. 8. The sharp 
sword had been torn out of the hands of the robber. 9. 
A great number of the enemy has been captured. 

* Sec Rule 1 2. page 34. 



128 THIRD CONJUGATION 

EXERCISES. 

253. 1. Tela utilia bello a Romanis capta sunt. 2. 
Iter difficile in carris conficitur. 3. Mulieres liberique 
fugiunt. 4. Defensores fortes flammis e castro ejecti erant. 
5. In brevi spatio temporis aquila fugam confecerit. 6. 
Nonne imperator vetus turpitudinem viri suspiciebat? 
7. Miles turpis ab omnibus despiciebatur. 8. In spe 
salutis ad ripam fluminis refugeramus. 9. Captivi e 
carcere erepti sunt. 10. Omnes civitates in condicio- 
nem vectigalium accipientur. 

254. 1. The magistrate will disclose the boldness of 
the robber. 2. Many towns and villages have been 
plundered during the year. 3. The slaves of the town 
are being slain by order of the victor. 4. We shall not 
despise the weak and the sick. 5. Caesar is making 
peace with all the Helvetians. 6. A delay will be caused 
by the heavy storm. 7. The ships of the Romans had 
been perceived by the guard. 8. The sick soldier was 
desiring food and water. 9. After the battle the enemy 
had plundered the camp of the Romans. 10. Was the 
noble king captured in the battle? 

255. 1. Novum imperatorem exercitui cupimus. 2. 
Suspiciemini conjurationis contra rem publicam. 3. 
Multae difficultates hostibus objectae erant. 4. Inter- 
pres pactum cum Romanis effecerit. 5. Desertores per 
noctem fugerunt. 6. Prima luce ab equitibus celeribus 
capiebantur. 7. Dux cum paucis militibus e proelio 
effugerat. 8. Parietisne magnam copiam gladiorum 
acrium? 9. Latrones a mercatoribus fortibus despici- 
untur. 10. Vir legatus factus est. 



THIRD CONJUGATION 129 

EXERCISES. 

256. 1. The fort and the town have been plundered. 

2. The new messenger of the king is effecting a union. 

3. Will a truce be made by our king with the enemy? 4. 
The ornaments and wealth of the temple are being taken. 
5. The legions were laying open the road to Rome. 6. 
Has the slave been suspected of fraud and baseness? 7. 
By noon the army had not reached the town. 8. An 
excellent plan of war has been produced for the king. 9. 
The men had escaped to the river and were standing on 
the bridge. 10. Flee with your men to the fortress! 

257. 1. Propter arrogantiam ex urbe ejecti sunt. 2. 
Pauci equites in oppidum refugerunt. 3. Senes oppidi 
non a orincipe interficientur. 4. Bellum longum in 
Gallia a Caesare perfectum est. 5. Pauci nostrorum 
equitum multitudinem hostium capiunt. 6. Rex vetus 
ab oppidanis multa dona pulchra acceperat. 7. In 
paucis annis urbs a Romanis perficiebatur. 8. Puerum 
ex bracchiis patris eripuit. 9. Iter longum a sociis per 
silvam confectum est. 10. Pensum ingens perfecit. 

258. 1. The horsemen of the enemy had fled from the 
place. 2. Was peace made with the Romans by your 
king? 3. The spies were perceived behind the trees by 
the soldiers. 4. On the way to the fort the leader 
looked back. 5. The documents have been written up 
by the scribe. 6. The citizens have not secured pardon 
by the gifts. 7. They are taking away food and drink 
from the captive man. 8. The king and his companions 
will flee. 9. Many soldiers had been captured after the 
battle. 10. The queen was receiving many gifts. 



130 



REVIEW 



259- 



VOCABULARY REVIEW. 



Give the meaning of each of the 


following words. 


Give the declension and gender 


of each noun. 


1. audio 


3i. 


genu 


61. 


audax 


2. dedo 


32. 


servio 


62. 


fugio 


3. acies 


33- 


acer 


63. 


domus 


4. venio 


34- 


ago 


64. 


clemens 


5. ingens 


35- 


invenio 


65. 


gero 


6. accipio 


36. 


brevis 


66. 


locus 


7. fides 


37- 


capio 


67. 


cognosco 


8. vincio 


38. 


spes 


68. 


celer 


9, alacer 


39- 


veru 


69. 


perficio 


10. dlco 


40. 


caedo 


70. 


levis 


11. difficilis 


41. 


equester 


7i. 


convenio 


12. munio 


42. 


conficio 


72. 


exercitus 


13. dies 


43- 


potens 


73. 


peto 


14. adventus 


44. 


vinco 


74. 


facio 


15. efncio 


45- 


meridies 


75- 


velox 


16. suscipio 


46. 


conatus 


76. 


refugio 


17. impetus 


47- 


cingo 


77- 


facilis 


18. recipio 


48. 


impedio 


78. 


suspicio 


19. consulatus 


49. 


equitatus 


79. 


cado 


20. perdo 


50. 


defendo 


80. 


conventu 


21. manus 


5i. 


vultus 


81. 


navalis 


22. eripio 


52. 


omnis 


82. 


claudo 


23. metus 


53. 


interficio 


83. 


gravis 


24. dtico 


54. 


rego 


84. 


mitto 


25. quaero 


55- 


passus 


85. 


pervenio 


26. fidelis 


56. 


scribo 


86. 


tumultus 


27. planities 


57- 


tristis 


87. 


fortis 


28. subvenio 


58. 


sentio 


88. 


reperio 


29. portus 


59. 


res 


89. 


cornu 


30. senatus 


60. 


utilis 


90. 


vestio 



REVIEW 



131 



260. 



VOCABULARY REVIEW. 



Give the Latin form for each of the following words. 


1. 


to say 


3i. 


keen 


61. 


place 


2. 


to destroy 


32. 


powerful 


62. 


to flee back 


3- 


senate 


33- 


to slay 


63. 


tumult 


4. 


to kill 


34- 


house 


64. 


pledge 


5. 


to defend 


35- 


to seek 


65. 


attack 


6. 


useful 


36. 


heavy 


66. 


plain 


7. 


nimble 


37. 


to come 


67. 


to capture 


8. 


assembly 


38. 


arrival 


68. 


to surround 


9. 


to clothe 


39- 


to lead 


69. 


said 


10. 


to hear 


40. 


to drive 


70. 


to learn 


11. 


difficult 


41. 


to conquer 


7i. 


easy 


12. 


hand 


42. 


to rule 


72. 


brave 


13. 


knee 


43- 


merciful 


73- 


to bind 


14. 


equestrian 


44. 


to do 


74- 


to take back 


15- 


countenance 


45. 


to send 


75- 


to come to aid 


16. 


bold 


46. 


huge 


76. 


hope 


17. 


come together 


47. 


to produce 


77. 


to impede 


18. 


naval 


48. 


to question 


78. 


to feel 


19. 


to surrender 


49- 


to find 


79. 


rapid 


20. 


to fortify 


50. 


midday 


80. 


to suspect 


21. 


to snatch awaysi. 


step 


81. 


to discover 


22. 


to serve 


52. 


to carry on 


82. 


eager 


23. 


to accomplish 


53- 


swift 


83. 


consulship. 


24. 


all 


54- 


to arrive at 


84. 


harbor 


25- 


to flee 


55. 


to receive 


85. 


a spit 


26. 


army 


56. 


to undertake 


86. 


cavalry 


27. 


to shut 


57- 


faithful 


87. 


thing. 


28. 


line of battle 


58. 


short 


88. 


to finish 


29. 


day 


59- 


attempt 


89. 


to fall 


30. 


fear 


60. 


to write 


90. 


horn 



132 



IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 



26l. 



IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. 



Nullus, no one. 



Singular. 



Plural. 



Masc. 


Fem. 


Neut 


Masc. 


Fem. 


Neut. 


N. nullus 


nulla 


nullum 


nulli 


nullae 


nulla 


G. nullius 


nulllus 


nulllus 


nullorum 


nullarum 


nullorum 


D. null! 


null! 


nulli 


nullis 


nullis 


nullis 


Ac. nullum 


nullam 


nullum 


null 6s 


nullas 


nulla 


Ab. nullo 


nulla 


nullo 


nullis 


nullis 


nullis 



NOTE: The declension is like that of bonus except 
lus (gen. sing.) and 1 (dat. sing.) 



262. Decline like nullus : 
alius-a-ud, one, another. 
nullus-a-um, no one. 
solus-a-um, alone. 



totus-a-um, whole. 
ullus-a-um, any. 
unus,-a-um, only. 



263. 



Neuter, neither of two. 





Singular. 






Masc. 


Fem. 


Neut. 


N. 


neuter 


neutra 


neutrum 


G. 


neutrius 


neutrius 


neutrius 


D. 


neutri 


neutri 


neutri 


Ac. 


neutrum 


neutram 


neutrum 


Ab. 


neutro 


neutra 


neutro 



Ma.sc. 



Plural. 

Fem. 



Neut. 



neutri neutrae neutra 

neutrorum neutrarum neutrorum 

neutris neutris neutris 

neutros neutras neutri 

neutris neutris neutris 



264. Decline like neuter: 

alter, altera, aXterum r the one, the other. 
neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither (of two). 
uter, utra, utrum, which (of two). 
uterque, utraque, utrumque, each (of two). 



IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 133 



EXERCISES. 

265. 1. Imperator solus in puppi navis stabat. 2. 
Dux utrique legioni signum dabit. 3. Multi milites 
nulla tela habuerunt. 4. Pons ab equite uno defensus 
erat. 5. Arbores totius silvae tempestate deletae sunt. 
6. Nex ducis unius totam urbem servavit. 7. Explora- 
toresne ulli a viris capiebantur? 8. Uter imperator 
victoriam reportavit? 9. Alii nautae in litore alii in 
navibus sunt. 10. Neutrique imperatori subveniemus. 

266. 1. The women were alone in the tower. 2. No 
ship of the enemy has been seen by the spies. 3. The 
one man had a sword, the other a javelin. 4. The men 
of the whole province are defending the city. 5. The 
master gave each boy a beautiful book. 6. The work 
of neither consul will be praised by the citizens. 7. 
Which man have you sent? 8. The soldiers conquered 
through valor alone. 9. The whole state had been 
roused by the war. 10. Some were wounded, others 
were killed. 

267. 1. Nullus cibus equis in carro est. 2. Quies 
sola equites defessos recreabit. 3. Alius homo cibum, 
alius aquam viro aegro dedit. 4. Roborane ulla sunt 
in silva? 5. Vir solus iter fecit. 6. Timor solus hos- 
tium virum defessum urgebat. 7. Uterque orator ora- 
tionem formosam habuit. 8. Magister totum opus 
discipuli laudavit. 9. Alter gladius longus alter brevis 
erat. 10. In neutraque parte salus erit. 



134 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 



THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

268. An Adjective may be compared by changing its ending. 
Ex. — durus, hard; durior, harder; durissimus, hardest. 

269. To compare an adjective take the masc. abl. sing., drop 
the end vowel; then add ior to form the comparative degree and 
issimus to form the superlative degree. 



POSITIVE. 

durus, hard. [duro]t 
nSbilis, noble, [nobili] 
audax, bold, [audace] 



COMPARATIVE. 

M. F. N. 

durior, -ius* 
nobilior, -ius 
audacior,-ius 



SUPERLATIVE. 

durissimus 

nobilissimus 

audacissimus 



270. Adjectives in er [nom. sing, masc] add rimus, [not issi- 
mus] to the positive degree in order to form the superlative degree. 

POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE. 

M. F. N. 

liber, free, [libero] liberior, -ius liberrimus 

aeger, sick, [aegro] aegrior, -ius aegerrimus 

acer, eager, [acri] acrior, -ius acerrimus 

271. Six adjectives in lis have limus in the superlative degree. 



POSITIVE. 

facilis, easy, [facili] 
difficilis, difficult, [difricili] 
similis, like, [simili] 
dissimilis, unlike, [dissimili] 
humilis, low. [humili] 
gracilis, graceful, [gracili] 



COMPARATIVE. 

M. F. N. 

facilior, -ius 
difficilior,-ius 
similior, -ius 
dissimilior, -ius 
humilior, -ius 
gracilior, -ius 



SUPERLATIVE. 

facillimus 

difficillimus 

simillimus 

dissimillimus 

humillimus 

gracillimus 



272. Six adjectives have irregular forms in comparison. 
POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE. 





M. F. 


N. 




bonus, good. 


melior 


melius 


optimus 


malus, bad. 


pgjor 


pejus 


pessimus 


magnus, large. 


major 


majus 


maximus 


multus, much. 




plus 


plurimus 




parvus, small. 


minor 


minus 


minimus 


vetus, old. 


vetustior 


vetustius 


veterrimus 



*vSpe Ait, 373, p^gc 135, fMasc, Abl Sin.q". 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 



135' 



273. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 

1. Positive forms have been declined, (seepages 20, 21, 90.) 

2. Superlative forms area// declined like bonus, (see page 20.) 

3. Comparative forms arc all declined like durior. 





SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 




M. & F. 


X. 


M. & F. 


N. 


N. 


durior 


durius 


duriores 


duriora 


* A 


duri6ris 


durioris 


duriorum 


duriorum 


D. 


duriori 


duriori 


durioribus 


durioribus 


Ac. 


duridrem 


durius 


duri&rfts 


duridra 


Ab. 


duriore, 1 


duriore, 1 


durioribus 
PRACTICE. 


durioribus 



274. Compare the following adjectives and decline the com- 
parative of each : 



I. 


altus 


II. 


felix 


21. 


asper 


31. atrox 


2. 


gravis 


12. 


nobilis 


22. 


clarus 


32. diligens 


3- 


pulcher 


13- 


piger 


23. 


fortis 


33. dignus 


4- 


potens 


14. 


brevis 


24. 


novus 


34. acerbus 


5- 


miser 


15- 


placidus 


25- 


niger 


35. sapiens 


6. 


longus 


16. 


celer 


26. 


Justus 


36. carus 


7- 


velox 


17- 


fidelis 


27. 


cupidus 


37. tristis 


8. 


crudSlis 


18. 


benignus 


28. 


grandis 


38. falsus 


9- 


celeber 


19. 


l£nis 


29. 


flrmus 


39. honestus 


10. 


gratus 


20. 


mollis 


30. 


latus 


40. fortunatus 


Plus is declined as follows : 










SINGULAR. 






PLURAL. 




M .& F. 


N. 






M. & F. 


N. 


N. 




plu 


s 


N. 


plures 


plura 


G. 




pluris 


G. 


plurium 


plurium 


D. 








D. 


pluribus 
pltlres (Is) 


pluribus 
plura 


Ac. 




plfii 




Ac. 


Ab 




plure 


Ab 


pluribus 


pluribus 



136 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 

275. STUDY RULES OF SYNTAX 14, 24, 29, ON 
PAGES 34, 37, 38. 

EXERCISES. 

i 

276. i, Milites Romani sunt fortiores quam hostes. 
2. Equus legati est validus et celer. 3. Equus ducis 
est celerior. 4. Cives consuli essedam pulcherrimam 
dederunt. 5. Caesar plurimos militum Romam misit. 
6. Liber maximus est discipulo minimo. 7. Imperator 
est potentior consule. 8. Liberi regis magistro sunt 
carissimi. 9. Dona oppidanorum principi sunt gra- 
tiora quam dona regis. 10. Flumen est altum sed lacus 
est altior. 11. Uxores captivorum sunt tristissimae. 
12. In brevi tempore exercitus iter dimcillimum trans 
Alpes fecit. 13. Mare est placidissimum. 14. Socrates 
nominatus est vir sapientissimus in Graecia. 15. Puer 
patri est simillimus. 

277. 1. The wisest men are not always the best. 2. 
The general is richer than the merchant. 3. The horse- 
man has been very kind to the captive. 4. I shall give 
a new book to the most diligent scholar. 5. Some days 
are longer than others. 6. In winter the days are 
shortest. 7. The cavalry had come by the shortest road. 
8. The children of the noblest men will be given as 
hostages. 9. The chiefs of the most powerful states 
have formed a compact with the Roman general. 10. 
The water in the river is very low. 11. The journey 
through the woods was very difficult. 12. The boy has 
been captured by very bold robbers. 13. I shall lead 
the soldiers by a far easier road. 14. The cavalry have 
very sharp swords. 15. Rome is one of the oldest 
towns of Italy. 



FORMATION OF ADVERBS 



137 



FORMATION OF ADVERBS. 

278. To form an adverb from an adjective find the 
stem of the adjective: 

If the stem ends in o change the to an e. 

If the stem ends in i add ter. 

If the stem ends in a consonant add ter. 



Adjective. 


Stem. 


Justus, just 


[justo] 


liber, free 


[Hbero] 


pulcher, beautiful 


[pulchroj 


levis, light 


[levi] 


acer, eager 


[acri] 


and ax, bold 


[audac] 


sapiens, wise 


[sapient] 



Adverb. 

juste, justly 
libere, freely 
pulchre, beautifully 
lcviter, lightly 
acriter, eagerly 
audacter, boldly 
sapienter,* wisely 



279- Sonic adverbs end in o 

cito, quickly 

crebro, frequently 

continuo, immediately 

raro, rarely 



falso, falsely 
primo, at first 
subito, suddenly 



280. Some adverbs use the Neuter Sing. Accus. of the adjective 
multum, much [plurimum], especially 
[minimum], least facile, easily 

paulum, little impune, unhindered 

281. Some adjectives in us form adverbs in iter, 
firmus, firmiter, firmly largus, largiter, copiously 
hum anus, humaniter, humanly alius, aliter, otherwise 



*When t comes after nt drop the first t. 



138 



COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 



COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 

282. The comparative of an adverb is like the nom. sing, neuter 
of the comparative of the adjective; the superlative may be formed 
by taking the superlative of the adjective and changing us to e. 

Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 

justissime 
liberrime 
pulcherrime 
levissime 
acerrime 
audacissime 
sapientissime 
facillime - 

peculiar in formation and 

optime 
diutissime 
maxime 
pessime 
( maturrime 
( maturissime 
plurimum 
nequissime 
nuperrime 

minime 



juste 


justius 


libere 


Hberius 


pulchre 
leviter 


pulchrius 
levius 


acriter 


acrius 


audacter 


audacius 


sapienter 
facile 


sapientius 
facilius 


283. The following adverbs are 


comparison. 
bene, well 


melius 


diu, long 


diutius 


magnopere, greatly 
male, ill 


magis 
p§jus 


mature, early 


maturius 


multum, much 


plus 


nequiter, worthlessly 
nuper, recently 
n6n multum, K.^ 
parum ) 


nequius 
minus 


prope, near 


propius 
potius, rather 




prius, before 


saepe, often 
secus, otherwise 


saepius 
setius, less 



proxime 
potissimum, 

cially 
primum, first 
saepissime 



espe- 



284. Form an adverb from each of the following adjectives 
and compare each adverb formed. 



1. placidus, calm. 

2. prudens. prudent. 

3. facilis, easy. 

4. gravis, heavy. 

5. Seer, eager. 

6. malus, bad. 



7. brevis, brief. 13. carus, dear. 

8. altus, high. 14. levis, light. 

9. miser, wretclied. 15. celer, swift . 

10. multus, much. 16. fortis, brave. 

11. latus, wide. 



iq. certus, certain. 

20. felix, fortunate. 

21. elarus, clear. 

22. dignus, worthy. 



12. liber, free. 



17. pulcher, beau- 23. diligens, dili- 

tiful. gent. 

38. and ii\, bold, 24. y>5r. equal. 



FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ATVERBS 139 



EXERCISES. 

285. 1. P'abri opus peritissime facient. 2. Milites 
fortes diu atque acriter pugnaverunt. 3. Equites ad 
arcem celerius quam pedites pervenient. 4. Consul a 
conjuratis turpiter interfectus est. 5. Caesar captivis 
caecis veniam libere dabit. 6. Feminae urbis clamore 
magnopere terrebantur. 7. Dareus in Athenienses im- 
petum subito fecit. 8. Multos annos Orgetorix apud 
Helvetios plurimum valuit. 9. Cur homo equum crude- 
liter icit? 10. Nonne bellum ab imperatore felicissime 
confectum est? 11. Senex regem optime noscit. 12. 
Exploratores in castra Hannibalis quam celerrime se 
receperunt. 13. Consul vitas omnium civium fortiter 
defenderat. 14. Helvetii in finitimos bellum saepissime 
gerebant. 15. Manus latronum post tergum firmiter 
vinctae erant. 16. Judex a conventu honorifice ex- 
ceptus est. 

286. 1. The ambassador very wisely kept silent. 2. 
The scholar is studying very diligently. 3. The ships of 
the enemy have been well built. 4. A bridge has very 
recently been built across the river. 5. Did not the men 
fight most nobly in behalf of their wives and children? 
6. The children are dearly loved by the good queen. 7. 
The Barbarians will fight more bravely than the Roman 
soldiers. 8. The river flows calmly toward the sea. 9. 
The ambassador had been more kindly received by the 
king than by the peasants. 10. The brother of the king 
was falsely accused. 11. The son-in-law has been very 
justly punished by the judge. 12. The citizens imme- 
diately fled back to their homes. 13. The sea is calmer 
to-day than it was yesterday. 14. On account of the 
danger the allies quickly fortified the camp. 15. The 
enemy are rapidly surrounding the town. 



140 PERSONAL PRONOUNS 



287. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 







First 


Person. 




Singular, 




Plural. 


N, 


ego, I. 




nos, we. 


G. 


mei, of me. 




nostrum (nostri), of us 


D. 


mini (mi), to, for me. 


nobis, to, for its. 


Ac. 


me, me. 




nos, us. 


Ab. 


me, 




nobis, 






Second 


Person. 




: - j Singular. 




Plural. 


N;- 


tu, thou. 




vos, ye or you. 


G. 


tuf, 0} thee. 




vestrum (vestri), of you 


D. 


•tibi, to, for thee 




vobis, to, for you. 


Ac. 


te, thee. 




vos, you. 


Ab. 


te, 




vobis, 






Third 


Person. 



There are no forms in Latin for the third person. 
Hence use the Demonstrative Pronoun is, ea, id (see 
page 146). 

288. Note : In Latin the subject forms of the personal 
pronouns are used only for emphasis. 

289. Note: i. with me = mecum 

2. with thee = tecum 

3. with us = nobiscum 

4. with you = vobiscum 

5. with himself (herself) (itself) = secum 

6. with themselves = secum 



PERSONAL PRONOUNS 141 



EXERCISES. 

290. 1. Ego et tu erimus amici. 2. Nos sine vobis 
pugnabimus. 3. Mitte mihi librum. 4. Vos non fortes 
milites estis. 5. Pueros nobiscum capiemus. 6. Nonne 
tibi novum gladium dedit? 7. Pater te in navi vidit. 
8. Imperator mihi epistulam misit. 9. Sine vobis aut 
vobiscum victoriam reportabimus. 10. Vir a te inter- 
fectus est. 11. Unus nostrum te juvabit. 12. Nos 
vobiscum iter faciemus. 13. Bellum longum a nobis 
confectum est. 14. Misitne vobis auxilium? 15. Alii 
mihi, alii tibi fa vent. 

[Translate every pronoun.] 

291. i. I shall send you to the general. 2. You are 
strong, we are weak. 3. Send me brave soldiers. 4. 
The man was not slain by me. 5. He has invited both 
you and me. 6. Caesar has sent us aid. 7. I shall not 
make the journey with you. 8. You also were aided 
by me. 9. Did the beautiful gift please you? 10. Some 
praise you, others praise me. 11. You only have not 
pleased me. 12. He has sent me to you. 13. The 
general has taken all the soldiers with himself. 14. 
Without you I shall be wretched. 15. The city had not 
been destroyed by us. 

292. 1. Nos, cum exercitu te juvabimus. 2. Imper- 
ator ad te cum epistula me misit. 3. Multi viri mecum 
iter longum fecerunt. 4. Nos gladios, vos pila habetis. 
5. Romani nobiscum contra Helvetios pugnabant. 6. 
Omnes milites sine te pontem transcendunt. 7. Epis- 
tula longa a me ad Caesarem scripta est. 8. Senex 
mihi magnum numerum librorum dabit. 9. Rex benig- 
nus mei* meminit. 10. Venit mecum in templum 
Jovis. 11. Non ego sed tu facinus turpe fecisti. 12. 
Magnas copias militum ad vos mittam. 13. Dux 
omnes legiones fortes secum habet. 14. Da mihi novum 
scutum atque gladium acrem. 15. Alii nostrum validi, 
alii aegri sumus. 

*See Rule 8, page 33. 



142 



POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 



POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

293. meus, -a, -um, my, mine. 

tuus, -a, -um, thy, thime; your, yours. 
suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their {own). 



SINGULAR. 



Masc. 
N. meus 
G. mel 
D. meo 
Ac. raeum 
Ab. meo 



Fern. Neut. 



mea 
meae 
meae 
meam 

mea 



meum 

mel 

meo 

meum 

meo 



Masc. 

mel 
me6rum 

meis 

meos 

meis 



PLURAL. 

Fern. 

meae 
me arum 

meis 
me as 
meis 



Neut. 

mea 

meSrum 

meis 

mea 

meis 



Note ; Vocative sing. masc. mi. 



294. his = of him 

her = of her 
its =of it 



ejus j These are pure genitive forms. 
ejus [ They modify a noun, but do 
ejus ) not agree with it. 



295. noster, -tra, -trum, our, ours. 
vester, -tra, -trum, your, yours. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern* Neut. 

N. noster nostra nostrum nostri nostrae nostra 

G. nostri nostrae nostri nostrorum nostrarum nostrorum 
D. nostro nostrae nostro nostris nostris nostris 
Ac. nostrum nostram nostrum nostros nostras nostra 



Ab. nostro nostra nostro nostris 



nostris 



nostris 



] These are pure 
296. their (masc.) = of them =eorum. genitive forms. 

their (fern.) =ofthem =earum. 1- They modify a 

their (neut.) — of them =e6rum. I noun,butdonot 

J agree with it. 



397. Study Rule of Syntax 34, page 39. 



POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 143 



EXERCISES. 

298. 1. Noster imperator suos milites habet. 2. 
Meum librum filio meo dabo. 3. Nostri milites sine 
scutis pugnabant. 4. Hostes naves nostras vident. 5. 
Virtus ejus imperatori suo placuit. 6. Nostro regi 
tuum filium mittam. 7. Equi militum vestrorum sunt 
celeri. 8. Nonne sunt carri eorum magni et lati ? 9. 
Mitte mihi mea tela? 10. Tuum munus habes. 11. 
Imperator legionum nostrarum est vetus. 12. Senex 
filio suo gladium dederat. 13. Tua uxor equum pul- 
chrum habet. 14. Nonne ejus gladium habes? 15. 
Tui liberi vocem tuam audiverunt. 

[Translate every pronoun.] 

299. I. He has his own sword. 2. Our king gpve 
my son a book. 3. Their leader will not send us aid. 
4. We saw your slave. 5. Have you not my knife? 6. 
I have sent my messenger to your house. 7. Our king 
is kind. 8. The leader of our army is sick. 9. He has 
g ven my son a sword. 10. The mother of the girls has 
their books. 11. Bring my javelin to me! 12. His 
soldiers were brave. 13. I shall fight for my country. 
14. The daughter of our master is good. 15. I have 
given my money to your soldiers. 

300. 1. Noster exercitus regem tuum vicit. 2. Nostri 
milites tela sua habebant. 3. Poculum matri meae 
dabo. 4. Mitte nobis legatum vestrum. 5. Nuntius 
nostrum responsum audivit. 6. In castra ejus impetum 
fecerunt. 7. Mercatores naves suas miserant. 8. Ven- 
iesne in tuo carro? 9. Milites imperatori suo placuerunt. 
10. Impedimenta ejus non capta sunt. 11. Nonne sunt 
meae naves in portu? 12. Meus nuntius tuo filio 
epistulam habet. 13. Ubi nostrum exercitum videbas? 
14. Carros eorum cepimus. 15. Oppugnaverunt urbem 
nostram. 



144 



pronouns: reflexive and intensive 



REFLEXIVE PRONOUN. 



301. 



Sui, of himself, etc 



SINGULAR. 



PLURAL 



N. 

G. 

D 

Ac. 

Ab. 



sui, of himself, herself, itself. 
sibi, to, for himself, etc. 
se (sese), himself, etc. 
se (sese), 



sui, of themselves. 
sibi, to, for themselves. 
se (sese), themselves. 
se (sese) , 



302. The forms of sui, etc., are used only when the pronoun 
names the same person or thing as the subject. 



Brutus eum interfecit. 1. 

Brutus killed him. 

Femina est ejus memor. 2 . 

The woman is mindful of her. 



Brutus se interfecit. 
Brutus killed himself. 

Femina est sui memor. 
The woman is mindful of her- 
self. 



INTENSIVE PRONOUN. 

303. Ipse, self (myself, thyself, himself, herself, etc.) 







SINGULAR. 






PLURAL. 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


Masc. 


Fern. Neut. 


N. 


ipse 


ipsa 


ipsum 


ipsi 


ipsae ipsa 


G. 


ipsius 


ipsius 


ipsius 


ipsorum 


ipsarum ipsorum 


D. 


ipsi 


ipsi 


ipsi 


ipsis 


ipsis ipsis 


Ac. 


ipsum 


ipsam 


ipsum 


ipsos 


ipsas ipsa 


Ab 


ipso 


ipsa 


ipso 


ipsis 


ipsis ipsis 



304. The forms of ipse are used only to intensify the meaning 
of a noun or a pronoun. If, in English, the himself, herself, 
itself, themselves can be omitted without changing the meaning 
of the sentence, then use some form of ipse. 

Ex. Homo ipse latronem cepit. 

The man himself captured the robber. 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 



305. 


Hie, this 


(near.) 


(See also 


page 146.) 








SINGULAR. 






PLURAL. 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut 


N. 


hie 


haec 


hoc 


hi 


hae 


haec 


G 


hiijus 


hiijus 


hiijus 


horum 


harum 


horum 


D 


huic 


huic 


huic 


his 


his 


his 


Ac. 


hunc 


hanc 


hoc 


hos 


has 


haec 


Ab. 


hoc 


hac 


hoc 


his 


his 


his 



306. The forms of hie are used by the speaker to refer to any 
person or thing near him (usually, within his reach) ; see art. 313. 



PRO-NOUN'S : REFLEXIVE AND INTENSIVE 145 

' — « 

EXERCISES. 

307. 1. Hunc librum tibi dabo. 2. Nemo sibi vivit. 
3. Princeps ipse ad regem venit. 4. Filium hujus viri 
vidimus. 5. Senex se vulneraverat. 6. Mittemus ad 
regem ducem ipsum. 7. Gladii horum equitum sunt 
acres. 8. Dueis ipsius responsum habemus. 9. Miles 
in castris se interfecerat. 10. Mercator a hoc judice 
punitus est. II. Causa hujus belli fuit odium. 12. 
Feminae ipsae hos fugitivos juvaverunt. 13. Pater 
horum liberorum est aeger. 14. Caesar in Italiam se 
recepit. 15. Epistula per se contumelia fuit. 

[Translate every pronoun.] 

308. I. The town itself has many large buildings. 2. 
These merchants have sent to the consul himself a beau- 
tiful gift. 3. Rome itself has been destroyed by this 
bold commander. 4. The robber slew himself with his 
own weapon. 5. The temples of these cities have been 
built by the citizens themselves. 6. I myself shall give 
to this child a new book. 7. These soldiers procured 
themselves food. 8. I shall send this letter to the king 
himself. 9. All the battles of this war are being won 
by the Barbarians themselves. 10. They had trained 
themselves in the art of war. 

309. 1. Hi viri a rege ipso ad conloquium invitati 
sunt. 2. Eques suo gladio se interfecit. 3. Ego ipse 
meum exercitum in planitiem ducam. 4. Hae feminae 
speculatorem prope castra viderunt. 5. Noster imper- 
ator his militibus magna praemia dederat. 6. Legati 
ipsi pro civibus hujus urbis pacem petunt. 7. Haec 
omnia imperatori placebant. 8. Liberi parentum ha- 
rum sunt laeti et boni. 9. Opus a his servis magna cura 
factum est. 10. Milites memores* sui non erant. 

*See Rule 8, page 33. 



146 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.— (Continued.) 



310. 



Iste, that, that of yours. 





SINGULAR. 




PLURAL. 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


N. iste 


ista 


istud 


isti 


istae 


ista 


G. istius 


istius 


istius 


istorum 


istarum 


istorum 


D. isti 


isti 


isti 


istis 


istis 


istis 


Ac. istum 


istam 


istud 


istos 


istas 


ista 


Ab. isto 


ista 


isto 


istis 


istis 


istis 


3ii- 




Ille, that (yonder). 






N. ille 


ilia 


illud 


illl 


illae 


ilia 


G. illius 


illius 


illius 


illSrum 


illarum 


illorum 


D. illl 


illl 


illl 


illis 


illis 


illis 


Ac. ilium 


illam 


illud 


illos 


ill as 


ilia 


Ab. ills 


ilia 


illo 


illis 


illis 


illis 


312- 


Is, 


that, this; 


also he, she 


, it. 




N. is 


ea 


id 


ei (ii) 


eae 


ea 


G. ejus 


ejus 


ejus 


eorum 


earum 


eorum 


D. ei 


ei 


ei 


eis, (iis) 


eis, (iis) 


eis, (iis) 


Ac. eum 


earn 


id 


eos 


eas 


ea 


Ab. eo 


ea 


eo 


eis, (iis) 


eis, (iis) 


eis, (iis) 



NOTE: Idem, same, is a compound of is. To decline idem 
place dem after each form of is; then the s of is and the d of id are 
dropped and an m before a d changes to an n. 

313. Remarks: 

1. Hie (Art. 305) refers to persons or things near the speaker. 
It is sometimes called the Demonstrative of the First Person. 

2. Iste (Art. 310) refers to persons or things near the one 

spoken to. 

It is sometimes called the Demonstrative of the Second Person. 

3. Ille (Art. 311) refers to persons or things within sight but 
not near the speaker or the one spoken to. 

It is sometimes called the Demonstrative of the Third Person. 

4. Is (Art. 312) refers to persons or things not -within sight, but 
known to the speaker or the one spoken to. 

5. When two persons or things have been mentioned, ille is 
used to refer to the former, hie to refer to the latter. 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS H7 

EXERCISES. 

314. 1. Hie nobilis, ille vir est turpis. 2. Ii veteres 
Romani fuerunt validi. 3. Consules ilium, non hunc 
virum miserunt. 4. Ista esseda non est nova. 5. Ii 
hostes nostri capti sunt. 6. Gladius illius imperatoris 
est pulcher. 7. Reginaene ilium donum mittes? 8. 
Mores earum gentium sunt crudeles. 9. Ii validi, nos 
fortes sumus. 10. Esseda ejus deleta erat. 11. Vic- 
toria ab eo non reportata est. 12. Nos cum eis non 
ambulabimus. 13. Eorum pars ad flumen fugiebat. 14. 
Illi sunt benigni sed hi sunt crudeles. 

[Translate every pronoun.] 

315. i. Their baseness has roused the people. 2. 
This army has won many battles. 3. Have you seen 
him? 4. In that battle many were wounded. 5. The 
son of that man is a soldier. 6. All these things will be 
destroyed by them. 7. This book is large, that (of 
yours) is smaller, that (yonder) is the smallest. 8. Do 
you see that camp among the trees? 9. They did it with 
great swiftness. 10. On that day the city was stormed. 

11. The Romans built that bridge. 12. We have given 
them food and water. 13. Their hearts are sad. 14. I 
shall give this letter to that man, not to this one. 15. 
The former is a Roman, the latter a Gaul. 

316. 1. Rex hos homines ad urbem invitavit. 2. 
Eisne id imperator misit? 3. Ilia urbs ab eo deleta est. 
4. Nos in castra ejus impetum faciemus. 5. Cives eum 
consulem fecerunt. 6. Ille magnum numerum militum 
secum habet. 7. Mltte ad eos aliam legionem militum. 
8. Id responsum mihi non placet. 9. Diu atque acriter 
contra eos pugnabamus. 10. Hie judex tibi erit 
benignus. 11. Pater hujus pueri ab eis interfectus est. 

12. Porta mihi istum scutum. 13. In ea nocte prope 
flumen remanserunt. 14. Naves eorum adsunt inportu. 



148 pronouns: relative- and interrogative 

RELATIVE, INTERROGATIVE AND INDEFINITE 

PRONOUNS. 

317. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN: qui, quae, quod, who, 

which, what. 







Singular. 






Plural. 




N. 


qui 


quae 


quod 


qui 


quae 


quae 


G. 
D. 


cujus 

CUl 


cujus 
cui 


cujus 

CUl 


quorum 
quibus 


quarum 
quibus 


quorum 
quibus 


Ac. 

Ab. 


quem 
quo 


quam 
qua 


quod 
quo 


quos 
quibus 


quas 
quibus 


quae 
quibus 



318. Study Rule of Syntax 36, page 39. 

319. 1. Omnes nos eos amamus qui sunt boni. 2. 
Imperator militi praemium dabit cujus virtutem viderat. 
3. Hie est vir cui cives gladium dederunt. 4. Rex, qui 
a toto populo amatus est, heri vita excessit. 5. Caesar 
cum legionibus, quae sibi erant, discessit. 6. Servus, 
quem dominus crudeliter tractavit, non vivet. 7. 
Hominem ceperunt a quo dux interfectus erat. 8. 
Hostes, contra quos pugnamus, sunt fortes validique. 
9. Oppidani non fuerunt benigni nobis qui eis sumus 
socii. 10. Oppidum, quod obsidemus, eras capietur. 

320. 1. We have no ships in which to make the jour- 
ney. 2. Did you send the letter which you had written ? 

3. The allies for whom Rome fought have been victorious 

4. Many men of whom we do not hear are brave and 
loyal. 5. The women who had followed the army were 
slain by the enemy. 6. Those who fight for their 
country are not always rewarded. 7. The authority 
which the consul held was very great. 8. They have 
caught the robbers by whom the gold had been taken. 
9. The Romans built ships with which to destroy the 
pirates. 10. The deeds which this man has done are 
atrocious. 

321. THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN: quis, quae, quid? 

who? which? what? 







Singular. 






Plural. 




N. 


quis 


quae 


quid 


qui 


quae 


quae 


G. 


cujus 


cujus 


cujus 


quorum 


quarum 


quorum 


D. 


cui 


CUl 


cui 


quibus 


quibus 


quibus 


Ac. 


quem 


quam 


quid 


quos 


quas 


quae 


Ab. 


quo 


qua 


quo 


quibus 


quibus 


quibus 



322. THE INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE: whicht what? 
is declined like qui (Art. 317). 



pronouns: relative and interrogative 



149 



323. 1. Qui est hie imperator nobilis? 2. Quern ad 
regem misisti? 3. Cujus flores sunt hae? 4. In cujus 
esseda per urbem iter facies? 5. Cui librum novum 
magister dabit? 6. In qua navi Romam iter facietis? 
7. Quae oppida contra nos colonias juverunt? 8. Qui 
meum scutum vidit? 9. In quo loco hostes sua castra 
conlocabunt? 10. Quibus militibus magna praemia 
argenti dederat? 

324. 1. Whom shall we send as an ambassador? 2. 
By which robber was the consul slain? 3. Who is the 
horseman who has so bravely defended the bridge? 4. 
Whom did you see yesterday? 5. Which legions has 
Caesar taken with him? 6. In which wagon will you 
place the arrows? 7. What did you do to the man 
whom you caught? 8. Whose child is that with you? 

9. Who are these horsemen whom the king has praised? 

10. For whose sake has this monument been erected? 



325. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. 



M. 



in 
> 
o 

<D 

< 
u 

o 

V) 

c 

O 
C 

o 

u 



o 
o 

< 



quis, 


quae, 


aliquis, 


aliqua, 


quispiam, 


quaepiam, 


quisquam, 




quidam, 


quaedam, 


quis que, 


quaeque, 


qui vis, 


quae vis, 


quicunque 


, quaecunque, 


quisquis, 


-*. 


qui, 


quae, 


aliqui, 


aliquae, 


quispiam, 


quaepiam, 


quidam, 


quaedam, 


quisque, 


quaeque, 


quivis, 


quae vis, 


quicunque 


, quaecunquej 



N. 

quid, some one, something 
aliquid, anyone, anything. 
quidpiam, anyone {whatever). 
quidquam, anyone at all. 
quiddam, a certain one. 
quidque. everyone, everything. 
quid vis, anyone you please. 
quodcunque, anyone, who . . . 

quidquid, everyone, who 

quod, any at all. 
aliquod, any. 
quodpiam, any whatever. 
quoddam, a certain. 
quodque, each, every. 
quodvis, any you please. 
quodcunque, every, who 



150 



DEPONENT VERBS 



326. 



DEPONENT VERBS. 



Deponent verbs are passive in form but active in 



meaning. 



I. Conj. hortor, hortari, hortatus, to encourage. 

II. Conj. tueor, tugri, tuitus, to defend. 

III. Conj. loquor, loqui, locutus, to speak. 

IV. Conj. potior, potiri, potitus, to gain possession of. 







INDICATIVE. 






I. 


II. 


III. 


IV. 


Pres. 


hortor 


tueor 


loquor 


potior 




hortaris 


tueris 


luqueris 


potiris 




hortatur 


tuetur 


loquitur 


potitur 




hortamur 


tuemur 


loquimur 


potlmur 




hortamini 


tuemini 


loquimini 


potimini 




hortantur 


tuentur 


loquimtur 


potiuntur 


Imperf. 


hortabar 


tuebar 


loquebar 


potiebar 


Fut. 


hortabor 


tuebor 


loquar 


potiar 


Perf. 


hortatus sum 


tuitus sum 


locutus sum 


potitus sum 


Plup. 


hortatus eram 


tuitus eram 


locutus eram 


potitus eram 


Fut. Perf. 


hortatus ero 


tuitus ero 


locutus ero 


potitus ero 






SUBJUNCTIVE. 




Pres. 


hortor 


tuear 


loquar 


potiar 


Imperf. 


hortarer 


tuerer 


loquerer 


potirer 


Perf. 


hortatus sim 


tuitus sim 


locutus sim 


potitus sim 


Plup. 


hortatus essem 


tuitus essem 


locutus essem 


potitus essem 






IMPERATIVE. 




Pres. 


hortare 


tuere 


loquere 


potire 


Fut. 


hortator 


tuetor 


loquitor 


potitor 






INFINITIVE. 




Pres. 


hortari 


tueri 


loqui 


potiri 


Perf. 


hortatus esse 


tuitus esse 


locutus esse 


potitus esse 


Fut. 


hortaturus esse 


tuiturus esse 


locuturus esse 


potitiirus esse 






PARTICIPLES. 




Pres. 


hortans 


tuens 


loquens 


potiens 


Fut. 


hortaturus 


tuiturus 


locuturus 


potiturus 


Perf. 


hortatus 


tuitus 


locutus 


potitus 


Ger. 


hortandus 


tuendus 

GERUND 


loquendus 


potiendus 




hortandi 


tuendi 


loquendi 


potiendi 




hortando, etc. 


tuendo, etc. 

SUPINE. 


loquendo, etc. 


potiendo. etc. 




hortatum, -tu. 


tuitum, -tu 


locutum, -tu 


pptitum, -tu 



DEPONENT VERBS 



151 



327. A PARTIAL LIST OF DEPONENT VERBS. 



I. Verbs conjugated like hortor. 



admiror 

arbitror 

conor 

cunctor 

dominor 

Insidior 

moror 



8. vagor 



admirari 

arbitrarl 

conari 

cunctari 

dominari 

In si di an 

morarl 

vagari 



admiratus 

arbitratus 

conatus 

cunctatus 

dominatus 

Insidiatus 

moratus 

vagatus 



— to ad mi re. 
— to think. 
— to attempt. 
— to hesitate. 
— to rule. 
— to lie in wait. 
— to hinder. 
— to wander. 



II. Verbs conjugated like tueor. 



9 


confiteor 


confiteri 


confessus 


— to confess. 


10 


mereor 


merer! 


meritus 


— to deserve. 


1 1 


polliceor 


polliceri 


pollicitus 


— to promise. 


1 2 


profiteor 


profiterl 


professus 


— /o declare publicly 


13 


reor 


reri 


ratus 


— to think. 


14 


vereor 


vereri 


veritus 


— to fear. 




III. Vert 


is conjugated like loquor. 




15 


fruor 


frui 


fructus 


— to enjoy. 


16 


fungor 


fungi 


functus 


■ — to perform. 


17 


nascor 


nasci 


natus 


— to be born. 


18 


obliviscor 


oblivisci 


oblitus 


— -to forget. 


19 


patior 


pati 


passus 


— -to suffer. 


20 


proficlscor 


proficisci 


profectus 


— to set out. 


21 


queror 


querl 


questus 


— to complain. 


22 


revertor 


revert! 


reversus 


— to return. 


2 3 


sequor 


sequ! 


secutus 


— to follow. 


24 


ulclscor 


ulcisc! 


ultus 


— to avenge. 


2 5 


utor 


ut! 


iisus 


— to use. 



26 

27 
28 
29 
30 



IV. Verbs conjugated like potior. 

adorior adorir! adortus 

experiri expertus 



expenor 
morior 
orior 
partior 



mori (moriri) mortuus 
oriri ortus 

partirl partltus 



-to attack, 
-to try. 
-to die. 
-to arise, 
-to divide. 



152 SEMI-DEPONENT VERBS 

SEMI-DEPONENT VERBS. 

328. SEMI-DEPONENT VERBS have the 

Present, Imperfect and Future tenses in the Active Voice. 
Perfect, Pluperfect and Fut. Perf. tenses in the Passive Voice. 
The meaning is always active. 

329. EXAMPLE. 

Prin. Parts: gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, to rejoice. 
PRESENT, gaudeo, gaudes, gaudet, gaudemus, gaudetis, 

gaudent. 
IMPERFECT, gaudebam, gaudebas, gaudebat, gaudebamus,<?fc. 
FUTURE, gaudebo, gaudebis, gaudebit, gaudebimus, etc. 
PERFECT, gavisus sum, gavisus es, gavisus est, etc. 
PLUPERF., gavisus eram, gavisus eras, gavisus erat, etc. 
FUT. PERF., gavisus ero, gavisus eris, gavisus erit, etc. 

A LIST OF SEMI-DEPONENT VERBS. 

audeo, audere, ausus sum, to dare. 2nd. Conjugation. 
gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, to rejoice. 2nd. Conjugation. 
soleo, solere, solitus sum, to be wont. 2nd. Conjugation. 
fido, fidere fisus sum, to trust. 3rd. Conjugation. 

confido, confidere, conflsus sum, to trust entirely. 

3rd. Conjugation. 

330. Stud v Rules of Syntax 8, 18, 37 on pages 33, 35, 39. 

EXERCISES. 

331. 1. Adhuc tempestas iter legionum non morata 
est. 2. Vir aeger ardore solis fmetur. 3. In eo anno 
magna multitudo incolarum mortua est. 4. Imperator 
cum suis militibus praedam partietur. 5. Galli pulchra 
aedificia Romae admirabantur. 6. Talemne dadem 
gravem meriti erant Romani? 7. Captivi cantibus 
avium fruuntur. 8. Tarquinius magna severitate suum 
populum dominatus est. 9. Explorator tacitus vestigia 
in silvis secutus erat. 10. Captivi superbi de suis 
casibus nunquam querebantur. 



DEPONENT VERBS [53 



332. i. The soldiers used their baggage as a barrier. 
2. The sun will rise very early to-morrow. 3. The 
maritime colonies have promised the leader many ships. 

4. The army is performing its duty with great faithful- 
ness. 5. Will the general follow the enemy through the 
woods? 6. The enemy had gained possession of all the 
towns in Gaul. 7. The inhabitants have forgotten the 
great kindness of their ruler. 8. We shall avenge the 
slaughter of the citizens who were our allies. 9. The 
cattle had wandered through the fields to the river. 10. 
The old man was suffering much for the sake of his king. 

EXERCISES. 

333. 1. Mea soror nobiscum in Italiam revertetur. 

2. Nonne consul caedem sui collegae nobilis ultus est? 

3. In nocte hostes nuntio regis insidiati erant. 4. 
Caesar cum paucis militibus Romam proficiscetur. 

5. Exploratores defessi somno gratissimo fruuntur. 6. 
Nuntius cum hominibus breviter locutus est. 

7. Feminae liberique fame atque siti passae erant. 

8. Magistratus benignis verbis cives hortabantur. 9. 
Liberi parentibus confiduntur qui eis sunt boni. 10. 
Pyrrhus virtute militum suorum gavisus est. 

334. 1. The Roman slaves were accustomed to cruelty 
and harshness. 2. The common people had trusted the 
fidelity and the wisdom of the consul. 3. The robbers 
fear the power and the severity of the judge. 4. The 
tiger will defend its offspring with great courage. 5. 
Has the old man forgotten the name of the lieutenant? 

6. A great tumult arose in another part of the city. 7. 
The consul will use the evidence against the conspirators. 
8. Socrates, the philosopher, died in prison. 9. The 
master encourages the scholars in their difficult tasks. 



154 



NUMERALS 



335- 



NUMERALS. 



counting 



and answer the 



Cardinal numbers are used in 
question Quot? How many? 

Ordinal numbers are used to designate position and answer 
the question Quotus? Which in order? 





CARDINALS. 


ORDINALS. 




I. 


unus, -a, -um, one. 


primus, -a, -um, first. 


I 


2. 


duo, duae, duo, two. 


secundus, second. 


II 


3- 


tres tria, three. 


tertius, third. 


III 


4- 


quattuor (quatuor) 


quartus 


IV 


5- 


quinque 


quintus 


V 


6. 


sex 


sextus 


VI 


7- 


septem 


septimus 


VII 


8. 


octo 


octavus 


VIII 


9- 


novem 


nonus 


IX 


10. 


decern 


decimus 


X 


11. 


undecim 


undecimus 


XI 


12. 


duodecim 


duodecimus 


XII 


13. 


tredecim 


tertius decimus . 


XIII 


14. 


quattuordecim 


quartus decimus 


XIV 


15- 


qumdecim 


quintus decimus 


XV 


16. 


sedecim, or sexdecim 


sextus decimus 


XVI 


17. 


septendecim 


septimus decimus 


XVII 


18. 


duodeviginti (octodecim) 


duodevlcesimus 


XVIII 


19. 


undeviginti (novendecim) 


undevicesimus 


XIX 


20. 


viginti 


vicesimus (vigesimus) 


XX 


21. 


viginti unus 


vicesimus primus 


XXI 


22. 


viginti duo 


vicesimus secundus 


XXII 


28. 


duodetriginta 


duodetrlcesimus 


XXVIII 


29. 


undetriginta 


undStricesimus 


XXIX 


30. 


triginta 


trlcesimus 


XXX 


40. 


quadraginta 


quadragesimus 


XL 


50. 


quinquaginta 


quinqu age si m u s 


L 


60. 


sexaginta 


sexagesimus 


LX 


70. 


septuaginta 


septuag§simus 


LXX 


80. 


octdginta 


octfigfisimus 


LXXX 


90. 


nonaginta 


nonagesimus 


XC. 


100. 


centum 


centesimus 


C. 



NUMERALS 



155 



IOI 



CARDINALS. 

\ centum unus, or 
< centum et unus 

200. ducenti, -ae, -a 

300. trecenti 

400. quadringenti 

500. quingenti 

600. sescenti (sexcenti) 

700. septingenti 

800. octingenti 
nongentl 
millc 

duo milia (millia) 
quinque milia (millia) 
decern milia (millia ) 
centum milia (millia) 



900. 

1000. 

2000. 

5000. 

1 0000. 

1 00000. 



ORDINALS. 

centesimus primus, or 

ccntesimus et primus CI. 

ducentesimus CC. 

trecentesimus CCC. 

quadrmgentesimus CCCC. 

quingentesimus 13. or D. 

sescentesimus DC. 

septingentesimus DCC. 

octingentesimus DCCC. 

nongentesimus DCCCC. 

millesimus CI3. or M. 

bis millesimus MM. 

quinquies millesimus l03- 

decies millesimus CCI33. 

centies millesimus CCCIoqq. 



336. Unus, duo and tres are declinable. 
For the declension of unus see art. 262, page 132, 
Duo and tres are declined as follows : 





Masc. Fern. 


Neut. 


M.&F. 


N. 


N. 


duo duae 


duo 


tres 


tria 


G. 


dudrum duarum 


duorum 


trium 


trium 


D. 


duobus duabus 


duobus 


tribus 


tribus 


Ac. 


duos (duo)duas 


duo 


tres 


tria 


Ab. 


du6bus duabus 


duobus 


tribus 


tribus 



Note: ambo, both, is declined like duo. 

337. The cardinals from 4 to 100 are indeclinable. 

338. Ducenti (200) trecenti (300), etc., are declined 
like the plural of bonus (art. 52, page 20.) 

339. Mille is indeclinable. 
Milia is declined as follows: 

milia, milium, mllibus, milia, mllibus. 
(These forms are nouns and take a partitive genitive 
after tiiem.) 

340-, The ordinals are all declined like bonus (page 20.) 



156 NUMERALS 



341. STUDY RULES OF SYNTAX 7 AND 21, PAGES 

33, 36. 

EXERCISES. 

342. 1. Imperator auxilio ponti equites quinque 
reliquit. 2. In diebus duobus ad flumen perveniemus. 3. 
Tertio die hostes eruptionem ex oppido fecerunt. 4. 
Annus Romanorum decern menses habuit. Annus 
noster menses duodecim habet. 5. Kalendae erant dies 
primi mensis; Nonae erant quinti aut septimi; Idus 
erant tertii decimi aut quinti decimi. 6. Aedificium 
ducentos viginti pedes longum sed non quinquaginta 
pedes latum fuit. 7. Cohors fuit decima pars legionis. 
Ea circiter quadringentos homines continuit. 8. Legio 
plures tribus milibus militum continuit. 9. Decima 
legio fortis atque valida fuit. 10. Numerus hostium 
erat circiter quadringenti triginta. 11. In pugnam 
quingentos pedites mittemus. 12. Bellum ab impe- 
ratorein tribus annis confectum erat. 13. Caesar secum 
tria milia militum habebat. 14. Exercitus in tribus 
diebus sexaginta milia passuum progressus erat. 

343. 1. The Gauls had given Caesar fifty hostages. 2. 
The enemy located camp not more than four miles from 
us. 3. This man has five brave sons. The fifth is 
twenty years old. 4. Two thousand men had been 
slain in the great battle. 5. Have you twenty brave 
men? 6. There are two hundred and thirty-five build- 
ings in this town. 7. Caesar has sent three legions as an 
aid to the townsmen. 8. About the fourth hour of the 
day the ships entered the harbor. 9. The wheel of one 
chariot had been broken. 10. Two legions sailed in the 
new ships. 11. The city was besieged by the Greeks for 
ten years. 12. Send me twenty-five ships within ten 
days. 13. Caesar lias taken the tenth legion with him. 







REVIEW 




157 


344- 


VOCABULARY REVIEW. 




Give the meaning of eacli of the 


following words. 


Give the declension 


and gender 


of each noun. 


i. duo 


3i- 


genus 


61. 


absum 


2. ultra 


32. 


tollo 


62. 


incipio 


3. senator 


33- 


exeo 


63. 


pernicies 


4. merldies 


34- 


mare 


64. 


conjuratio 


5. oratio 


35. 


pax 


65. 


prosum 


6. jam 


36. 


mundus 


66. 


atque 


7. lex 


37- 


finio 


67. 


parens 


8. funis 


38. 


transfero 


68. 


firmus 


9. foedus 


39- 


animal 


69. 


inopia 


10. malo 


40. 


tres 


70. 


paucus 


11. idoneus 


41. 


clarus 


7J. 


audacia 


12. minime 


42. 


auxilium 


72. 


obses 


13. supersum 


43- 


qulnque 


73- 


ineo 


14. vectigal 


44- 


par 


74. 


possum 


15. refero 


45- 


facultas 


75. 


arrogantia 


16. desum 


46. 


causa 


76. 


praesum 


17. intersum 


47- 


fero 


77- 


differo 


18. instruo 


48. 


occasio 


78. 


aetas 


19. adeo 


49. 


recens 


79. 


constituo. 


20. ambo 


50. 


facinus 


80. 


adfero 


21. plus 


5i. 


con fero 


81. 


discrimen 


22. comperio 


52. 


usus 


82. 


necessarius 


23. caput 


53. 


pereo 


83. 


redeo . 


24. eruptio 


54- 


contumelia 


84. 


agmen 


25. credo 


55- 


imperium ^ 


85. 


prex 


26. species 


56. 


arx 


86. 


percipio 


27. mille 


57. 


crebro 


87. 


abeo - ; ; * 


28. oflero 


58. 


innocens 


88. 


nunquam 


29. lacus 


59. 


nolo 


89. 


praeter<e& &$ 


30. frigus 


60. 


defero 


90. 


put^-,-; ^< 



158 



REVIEW 



345- 



VOCABULARY REVIEW. 



Give the Latin form for each of the following words. 

recent 61. treaty 



1. to survive 31. 

2. coldness 32. 

3. three 33- 

4. to offer 34. 

5. citadel 35. 

6. least 36. 

7. to raise 37. 

8. two 38. 

9. one thousand 39. 

10. ruin 40. 

11. beyond 41. 

12. to bear 42. 

13. to determine 63. 

14. animal 44. 

15. tributary 45. 

16. be in command 46. 



aid 

oration 

cause 

appearance 

race 



62. head 

63. to be absent 

64. hostage 

65. to put off 

66. prayer 

to be lacking 67. to go away 
to bear back 68. to go to 
to go into 69. five 

to believe 70. deed 

be unwilling 71. to prefer 
law 72. to benefit 

peace 73. to go out 

opportunity 74. never 
to draw up 75. more 
to bear across 76. equal 



17. famous 47. 

18. senator 48. 

19. to begin 49. 

20. now 50. 

21. power 51. 

22. midday 52. 

23. occasion 53. 

24. to be among 54. 

25. scarcity 55. 

26. to perish 56. 

27. to bear away 57. 

28. age 58. 

29. to bear to 59. 

30. to think 60, 



insolence 

use 

world 

conspiracy 

insult 

to perceive 

frequently 

innocent 

lake 

rope 

sortie 

suitable 

to find out 

firm 



77. and also 

78. few 

79. to be able 

80. crisis 

81. to pass by 

82. boldness 

83. to return 

84. both 

85. sea 

86. to limit 

87. bring together 

88. parent 

89. line of march 

90. necessary 



verb: Fcro 



159 



346. THE VERB— FERO. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS: fero, ferre, tuli, latum = to bear. 
ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. 









INDICATIVE. 




Pres. 


fero 




ferimus feror 


ferimur 




fers 




fertis ferris, or-xt 


ferimini 




fert 




ferunt fertur 


feruntur 


Imperf. 




ferebam* ferebar 




Put. 




feram, 


feres, etc. ferar, -fergris, etc. 


Perj. 




tuli 


latus sum 




Plu p. 




tuleram latus eram 




F.P. 




tulero 


latus ero 
SUBJUNCTIVE. 




Pres. 




feram, 


feras, etc. ferar, feraris, etc. 


hnperf. 




ferrerc 


l ferrer 




Perj. 




tulerim latus sim 




Plup. 




tulissem latus essem 








IMPERATIVE. 




Pres. 


fer 




ferte (ferre) 


ferimini 


Fut. 


ferto 




fertdte fertor 






fertd 




ferunto fertor 
INFINITIVE. 


feruntor 


Pres. 


ferre 




ferri 




Perj. 


tulisse 




latus esse 




Fut. 


laturus esse 


latum iri 










PARTICIPLES 




Pres. 


ferens 




Ger. ferendus 




Fut. 


laturus 


Perj. latus 





GERUND. 
G. ferendi Ac. ferendum 

D. ferendo Ab. ferend6 



SUPINE. 



Ac. latum 



Ab. latu 



*From this point on fero is conjugated like rego, page 94. 



160 



verb : Fero 



347« 



PRACTICE ON FERO. 



Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of 
each form and translate wherever possible.* 



i. fero 

2. feratur 

3. feror 

4. fertur 

5. tulerit 

6. ferre 

7. tulerunt 

8. tulissem 

9. feret 

10. ferebant 

11. fers 

12. ferrent 

13. latus erit 

14. tulisti 

15. ferimur 

16. ferebam 

17. ferant 

18. ferens 

19. tulerint 

20. lati essent 



21. ferri 

22. ferimtur 

23. feremus 

24. ferat 

25. latus sim 

26. tuleram 

27. ferrer 

28. tulisse 

29. tulerant 

30. feramus 

31. fert 

32. tulit 

33. latus sit 

34. tulisset 

35. tulerim 

36. latum Iri 

37. ferar 

38. latus ero 

39. ferunt 

40. tulissent 



41. tuli 

42. latus est 

43- fer 

44. tulerat 

45. ferre tur 

46. ferimus 

47. lati sunt 

48. latus erat 

49. ferebat 

50. feram 

51. laturus esse 

52. ferto 

53. tulero 

54. lati erunt 

55. fertis 

56. feramus 

57. latus essct 

58. ferimini 

59. ferrem 

60. tulerimus 



* Subjunctive forms :ake their meanings from the context, 



VERB : Fero 



161 



348. 



PRACTICE ON FERO. 



Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of 
each form and translate. 



1. they bear 31. 

2. he has been borne 32. 

3. to be borne 33. 

4. I shall bear 34. 

5. you are borne 35. 

6. bear ye 36. 

7. you had borne 37. 

8. to bear 38. 

9. he will bear 39. 

10. he shall bear 40. 

11. they will be borne 41. 

12. we have borne 42. 

13. for bearing 43. 

14. we have been borne 44. 

15. you have borne 45. 

16. he had been borne 46. 

17. I am borne 47. 

18. being about to bear 48. 

19. we shall be borne 49. 

20. we shall bear 50. 

21. by bearing 51. 

22. they are borne 52. 

23. they shall bear 53. 

24. bearing 54. 

25. you will bear 55. 

26. he had borne 56. 

27. having been borne 57. 

28. they have borne 58. 

29. you had been borne 59. 

30. to have borne 60. 



they were borne 

bear thou 

he bore 

he will be borne 

of bearing 

they had borne 

I was borne 

thou hast borne 

they had been borne 

he shall be borne 

thou wilt bear 

he was borne 

he bears 

you bore 

thou wast borne 

to be about to bear 

I had borne 

thou shalt bear 

you will be borne 

he has borne 

he will have been borne 

to have been borne 

thou hadst borne 

they will bear 

they have been borne 

thou art borne 

we bear 

I have been borne 

they will have borne 

I had borne 



162 



compounds of Fero 



349- 


SOME 


COMPOUNDS OF FERO. 


The compounds are conjugated just like the 


simple verb. 






(Seepage 159). 








PRINCIPAL PARTS. 




Pres. Ind. 


Pres. Inf. 


Perf. Ind. 


P. P. P. A".* 


Meaning, 


aufero 


auferre 


abstuli 


ablatum 


to bear off. 


adfero 


adferre 


attuli 


allatum 


to bring to. 


antefero 


anteferre 


antetuli 


antelatum 


to place before. 


eonfero 


conferre 


contull 


collatum 


to bring together. 


defero 


deferre 


detuli 


delatum 


to carry down. 


differo 


differre 


distuli 


dilattim 


to put off. 


effero 


efferre 


extuli 


elatum 


to carry away. 


infero 


Inferre 


intuli 


illatum 


to bring against. 


offero 


offerre 


obtuli 


oblatum 


to offer. 


perfero 


perferre 


pertuli 


perlatum 


to carry through . 
to endure. 


pro fero 


proferre 


protuli 


prolatum 


to bring out. 


refero 


referre 


rettuli 


relatum 


to bring back. 


tollo 


tollere 


sustuli 


sublatum 


to carry off. 


transfero 


transferre 


transtuli 


translatum 


to carry over. 



350. Study Rule of Syntax 12, page 34. 



EXERCISES. 



351. 1. Legiones conjunxerunt atque signa in hostes 
intulerunt. 2. Nos comitibus subsidium feremus. 3. 
Multi servi servitutem patienter perferunt. 4. Navis 
in earn partem vento ferebatur. 5. Omnia impedi- 
menta in unum locum collata sunt. 6. Non longius 
iter Romam differam. 7. Oppidani impetum Roma- 
norum non longe tulerant. 8. In itinere onera a calo- 
nibus f erebantur. 9. Nostrae naves tempestatem facilius 
quam naves hostium ferent. 10. Milites vulneratos in 
carris novis rettulerunt. 



^Perfect Passive Participle, neuter. 



COMPOUNDS of Fcro 163 

352. 1. Our strong ships will endure the storm easily. 
2. The soldier bears his wounds with great bravery. 3. 
On the following day the general offered peace to the 
townsmen. 4. Caesar is carrying the booty away with 
him to Rome. 5. Will the merchant bring his wares to 
the camp? G. The swords and the javelins had been 
collected by the victors. 7. Now we shall bring war 
against the pirates of our seas. 8. Many men put off 
their tasks from day to day. 9. I shall not bring back 
the slave whom I have freed. 10. Such injuries and 
insults will not be endured. 

EXERCISES. 

353. 1. Barbari in silvas paludesque omnes suas pos- 
sessions tulerunt. 2. Desertores famam proelii per- 
ferunt. 3. Non inferte bellum in pueros atque mulieres 
innocentes! 4. Tempestas naves in litora Italiae refere- 
bat. 5. Distulistine pensum quod faciebas? 6. Po- 
pulusregi pro meritisgratiamreferet. 7. Hie miles suas 
injurias patienter perfert. 8. Oppidani cibum atque 
vestes nautis defessis ferent. 9. Dux omnibus suis 
hostibus veniam obtulerat. 10. Homo propter vulnus 
in pectore multum sustulit. 

354. 1. The citizens took away all the gold from the 
temples. 2. The day of the conference has been put off 
by the generals. 3. A great reward was offered by the 
king. 4. The spies had brought back a good report 
concerning the land. 5. Will they bring aid to the tired 
defenders of the town? 6. The messenger will compare 
the size of the king's army with that of the Romans. 7. 
The children of the chief have been carried off by the 
robbers. 8. The old men are bringing back the gift. 9. 
We have compared the poems of the new writer with 
these. 10. The man bears in his hands a golden cup. 



164 


verbs: 


Eo and Fio 


355- THE VERB EO, 


356. THE VERB FIO, 




to go. 


to become. 




PRIN. PARTS: 


PRIN. PARTS: 


< 


so, ire, ii (IvI), itum. 


fio, fieri, factus sum. 




INDICATIVE. 


INDICATIVE. 


Pres, 


e6 Imus 


fio fimus 




is itis 


fis fitis 




it eunt 


fit fiunt 


Imperf. fbam 


fiebam 


Fut. 


Ib6 


fiam, -es, etc. 


Perf. 


ii (ivi) 


factus sum 


Plup. 


ieram (Iveram) 


factus eram 


F.P. 


ier6 (ivero) 


factus ero 




SUBJUNCTIVE. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


Pres, 


earn, -as, etc. 


fiam, -as, etc. 


Impei 


•f. Irem 


fierem 


Perf. 


ierim (Iverim) 


factus sim 


Plup. 


iissem (Ivissem) 


factus essem 




IMPERATIVE. 


IMPERATIVE. 


Pres. 


i Ite 


fi fite 


Fut. 


ito Itote 
ito eunto 






INFINITIVE. 


INFINITIVE. 


Pres. 


Ire 


fieri 


Perf. 


iisse (Ivisse) 


factus. esse 


Fut. 


iturus esse 


factum Iri 




PARTICIPLES. 


PARTICIPLES. 


Pres. 
Fut. 


iens, euntis, etc. 
iturus 


Pyp^ 


j. ■ f c- . 

Ger. faciendus 




GERUND. 


Perf. factus 




G. eundi 






D. eundo 
Ac. eundum 






^ • W 




Ab. eundo 






SUPINE. 


NOTE: The verb fi6 is used 




Ac. itum 


in place of the passive voice of 




Ah, itu 


facid* 



verbs: Eo and Fio 



165 



357- 



PRACTICE ON EO AND FIO. 



Give the mood, tense, number and person of each 
form and translate wherever possible.* 

41. factus erit 



1. co 

2. ierim 

3. ire 

4. iissent 

5. ii 

6. ibit 

7. ierunt 

8. Ibat 

9. iens 

10. 1 

11. ierint 

12. iissemus 

13. it 

14. iturus esse 

15. earn 

16. Tbant 

17. iit 

18. ibam 

19. iissem 

20. iturus 



21. itum 

22. eunt 

23. Tret 

24. ierit 

25. iisse 

26. Is 

27. ierant 

28. ierat 

29. Tto 

30. ieratis 

31. fio 

32. fieret 

33. factus esse 

34. flebamus 

35. fi 

36. fietis 

37. fitis 

38. fact! sunt 

39. fite 

40. factus sit 



42. fis 

43. fact! sint 

44. factus 

45. factus erat 

46. flebat 

47. factus est 

48. fies 

49. fit 

50. fieri 

51. fiebant 

52. flam 

53. factum Tri 

54. fact! erant 

55. fimus 

56. flas 
57- Set 

58. fact! essent 

59. fiunt 

60. fierem 



* Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the context. 



166 



verbs: Eo and Fio 



358. 



PRACTICE ON EO AND FIO. 



Give the mood, tense, number and person of each 
form and translate. 



I. 


he goes 


1. 


I shall become 


2. 


you had gone 


2. 


thou dost become 


3- 


I have gone 


3- 


he became 


4. 


go thou 


4- 


you will become 


5. 


they go 


5. 


I became 


6. 


he has gone 


6. 


they will become 


7. 


we shall go 


7. 


thou wilt become 


8. 


to go 


8. 


we have become 


9. 


you went 


9- 


become thou 


10. 


he shall go 


10. 


we shall become 


11. 


he went 


11. 


they had become 


12. 


going 


12. 


he has become 


13. 


thou wilt go 


13. 


thou hadst become 


14. 


they went 


14. 


to become 


15. 


I shall go 


15. 


you had become 


16. 


to have gone 


16. 


they have become 


17. 


you will go 


17. 


to be about to become 


18. 


he will go 


18. 


I have become 


19. 


of going 


19. 


he will become 


20. 


they have gone 


20. 


we had become 


21. 


thou dost go 


21. 


to have become 


22. 


we have gone 


22. 


they became 


23. 


to be about to go 


23. 


he becomes 


24. 


they will go 


24. 


you have become. 


25. 


you have gone 


25. 


thou hast become 


26. 


I shall have gone 


26. 


become ye 


27. 


we went 


27. 


I become 


28. 


he had gone 


28. 


we became 


29. 


I went 


29. 


they become 


30. 


they had gone 


30. 


he had become 



COMPOUNDS OK Eo 167 

COMPOUNDS OF EO. 

359. The Principal Parts of the compounds are formed b} r 
prefixing the preposition to each part of eo, ire, ii, itum. 

Ex. abeo, to go away. P. P. abed, ablre, abil, al)itum 

359a. Give the PRINCIPAL PARTS of: 

1. abeo, to go away. 9. obeo, to go to meet. 

2. adeo, to go to (a place). so. pereo, to perish. 

3. circumeo, to go around. 1 1 . praetereo, to pass by. 

4. coe6, to come together. t 2 . prodeo, to go forward. 

5. exeo, to go out. 13. redeo, to go back (return). 

6. ineo, to go into. 14. subeo, to undergo. 

7. introeo, to enter. 15. transeo, to go across. 

8. intereo, to perish. 16. veneo, to go on sale. 

EXERCISES. 

360. 1. Rex certior factus est de magnitudine exer- 
citus hostium. 2. Multi milites frigore atque fame 
perierant . 3 . Magna manus Germanorum Rhenum trans- 
it. 4. Prima luce omnes milites ex urbe exibunt. 5. 
Viri pro conjungibus atque liberis omnes labores subi- 
bant. 6. Die constituta legati ad imperatorem redibunt. 

7. Impetus in equites hostium a militibus acriter fiebat. 

8. Hie dux virtute omnibus aliis anteit. 9. Orator in 
oratione omnes has res praeterivit. to. Iter per silvas a 
nostris cum difficultate factum est. 11. Rex fit vetus 
invalidusque. 12. Post duos annos Caesar Romam 
redibit. 

361. i. In a short time these flowers will have per- 
ished. 2. A large bridge is being made. 3. There are 
many things which I shall pass by. 4. Has this man 
become a soldier? 5. On the next day the ambassador 
did not return. 6. The enemy have crossed the river. 
7. An attack will be made to-night. 8. Our soldiers 
excel the enemy in bravery* and in strength. 9. Many 
men have gone away from Rome. 10. The journey was 
quickly made. 11. We shall return to Rome. 12. How 
many soldiers became ill on the march ? 13. Part of the 
army has gone. 14. Many horses had perished. 

*See Rule of Syntax 30. page 38. 



168 THE INFINITIVE 



THE INFINITIVE. 

362. The infinitive mood has four chief uses. 

It may be used as follows : 

i. As the Subject of a verb. 

Legere est gratum, To read is pleasant. 

2. As the Object of a verb. 

Puer vult legere, The boy wishes to read. 

3. As Complementary Infinitive. 

Vir potest laborare, The man is able to work. 

4. In Indirect Discourse after verbs of saying, knowing, 
thinking, perceiving and the like. 

363. Indirect Discourse. 

[If the statement made by anyone, is quoted without change, 
the statement is said to be Direct Discourse (Oratio RScta).] 

If the statement made by anyone is placed after a verb of 
saying, knowing, etc., the statement is said to be in Indirect Dis- 
course (Oratio Obliqua). 

DIRECT DISCOURSE, "Rex est aeger." 

"The king is sick." 

INDIRECT DISCOURSE, Vir dicit regem esse aegrum, 

The man says that the king is sick. 

Rule. — The verb becomes an infinitive and its subject be- 
comes an accusative. 

Rule. — Any tense of the infinitive may follow any tense of the 
indicative, (or subjunctive) on this condition, that the present 
infinitive denotes the same time as that of the main verb, the 
future infinitive denote time later than that of the main verb, 
and the perfect infinitive denotes time prior to that of the main 
verb. 

NOTE : — Do not use the infinitive to express purpose. 

364. Study Rule of Syntax 20, page 36. 



THE INFINITIVE 169 



EXERCISES. 

365. 1. Rex audivit omnes cives arma ferre. 2. 

Caesar hostes exspectare equites atque ejus rei causa 

moram interponi arbitrabatur. 3. Dux jussit milites 

obsides ad se adducere. 4. Milites de rebus suis cum 

Caesare agere decreverunt. 5. Multo denique die per 

exploratores Caesar cognovit et montem a suis teneri et 

Helvetios castra movisse et milites timore perterritos 

esse. 6. Ariovistus gentes suum imperium non diutius 

sustinere percipit. 7. Idem scit miseriorem et gra- 

viorem fortunam Sequanorum quam reliquorum. 8. 

Galli putaverunt earn rem non minus ex usu terrae 

Galliae quam populi Romani accidisse. 9. Caesar 

certior f actus est hostes sub monte consedisse milia 

passuum ab ipsius castris octo. 10. Senex dicit se 

tecum velle dicere de certis rebus. 

366. 1. Caesar knew that the Germans had crossed 
the Rhine. 2. The man says that he saw a great multi- 
tude of soldiers in the camp. 3. I hear that the ambas- 
sadors are treating with Caesar concerning peace. 4. 
He has determined to do the leaders a great injury. 5. 
I expect that the battle will be fought within a few days. 
6. It is not necessary to hasten. 7. The soldiers had 
tried to cross the river with their horses. 8. The com- 
mander responded that he would neither return the 
hostages to the citizens nor would he bring war upon 
them or their allies. 9. Caesar said that he had built 
a bridge across the Rhine. 10. Tell the enemy that we 
have not surrendered the city to them. 11. I know 
that this man is brave. 12. The citizens saw that the 
ships were approaching the shore. 



170 



verbs : Volo, Nolo, Malo 



367. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



Volo, velle, volui — to be willing, (wish). 
N616, nolle, nolui — to be unwilling. 
Malo, malle, malui — to prefer. 







INDICATIVE. 




Pres. 


volo 


nolo 


malo 




VIS 


non vis 


mavis 




vult 


non vult 


mavult 




volumus 


nolumus 


malumus 




vultus 


non vultis 


mavultis 




volunt 


nolunt 


malunt 


Imperf. 


volSbam* 


nolebam* 


malebam* 




volebas, etc. 


ndlebas, etc. 


malebas, etc . 


Fut. 


volam 


nolam 


malam 




voles, etc. 


noles, etc. 


males, etc. 


Perf. 


volui 


nolui 


malui 


Plup. 


volueram 


nolueram 


malueram 


F.P. 


voluero 


noluero 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 


maluero 


Pres. 


velim 


nolim 


malim 




veils, etc. 


nolis, etc. 


malis, etc. 


Imperf. 


vellem 


nollem 


mallem 




velles, etc. 


nolles, etc. 


mallSs, etc. 


Perf. 


voluerim 


noluerim 


maluerim 


Plup. 


voluissem 


noluissem 
IMPERATIVE. 


maluissem 


Pres. 




noli 
nolite 




Fut. 




nolito, etc. 
INFINITIVE. 




Pres. 


velle 


nolle 


malle 


Perf. 


voluisse 


noluisse 
PARTICIPLE. 


maluisse 


Pres. 


volens 


nolens 





*From this point volo, nolo, malo are conjugated like rego, p. 94 



verbs: Volo, Nolo, Malo 



171 



368. PRACTICE ON VOLO, NOLO, MALO. 

Give the mood, tense, number and person of each 
form and translate wherever possible.* 



1. volamus 

2. voluit 

3. volebant 

4. velle 

5. vult 

6. velint 

7. volueritis 

8. vis 

9. volunt 

10. volet 

11. volens 

12. volueramus 

13. velitis 

14. voluerit 

15. voluisse 

16. vellet 

17. vultis 

18. volo 

19. vellent 

20. voluissem 



21. nollent 

22. nolit 

23. noils 

24. non vultis 

25. nolint 

26. noluerimus 

27. nolet 

28. nolens 

29. nolebas 

30. noluis'tis 

31. noli 

32. nollet 

33. noluimus 

34. nolent 

35. nolle 

36. non vult 

37. nolitis 

38. noluT 

39. nolunt 

40. noluisse 



41. maluimus 

42. mallent 

43. mallem 

44. malebat 

45. malle 

46. malunt 

47. mavis 

48. maluit 

49. mallemus 

50. mavultis 

51. mallet 

52. malam 

53. malls 

54. malint 

55. malit 

56. maletis 

57. maluisse 

58. malletis 

59. maluerant 

60. malluissent 



* Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the context. 



172 



verbs: Volo, Nolo, Malo 



369. PRACTICE ON VOLO, NOLO, MALO. 

Give the mood, tense, number and person of each 
form and translate. 



I. 


we have been willing 


21. 


he had been unwilling 


2. 


he is willing 


22. 


you are unwilling 


3. 


you were willing 


23- 


we shall be unwilling 


4. 


they are willing 


24. 


they will be unwilling 


5- 


he has been willing 


25. 


to be unwilling 


6. 


to be willing 


26. 


you will be unwilling 


7- 


you will be willing 


27. 


he is unwilling 


8. 


he had been willing 


28. 


thou wast unwilling 


9- 


we shall be willing 


29. 


thou art unwilling 


10. 


thou art willing 


30. 


we have been unwilling 


11. 


he was willing 


31. 


he was unwilling 


12. 


they had been willing 


32. 


unwilling 


13. 


willing 


33- 


they have been unwilling 


14. 


they were willing 


34- 


•he will be unwilling 


15- 


to have been willing 


35. 


you were unwilling 


16. 


you have been willing 36. 


we had been unwilling 


17. 


he will be willing 


37. 


they were unwilling 


18. 


thou hast been willing 38. 


to have been unwilling 


19. 


we were willing 


39- 


thou hast been unwilling 


20. 


they will be willing 


40. 


he will have been unwilling 


41. 


you prefer 


51. 


to have preferred 


42. 


he will prefer 


52. 


he prefers 


43- 


we shall prefer 


53. 


you had preferred 


44. 


they prefer 


54. 


to prefer 


45- 


thou preferest 


55- 


they will prefer 


46. 


you will prefer 


56. 


he preferred 


47- 


he has preferred 


57- 


thou wilt prefer 


48. 


thou hast preferred 


58. 


we preferred 


49. 


we prefer 


59. 


he had preferred 


50. 


they have preferred 


60. 


they preferred 



verbs: Volo, Nolo, Malo 173 

EXERCISES.* 

370. 1. Agricolae divites militibus pauperibus cibum 
praebere voluerant. 2. Volebasne iter facere? 3. Dux 
incolas interficere nolet. 4. Liberi in elephanto vein 
volunt. 5. Nocte flumen transire exercitus maluerat. 

6. Discipuli magistri boni sua pensa facere noluerunt. 

7. Legatus in urbem in tertio die ire mavult. 8. Agricola 
servo misero subvenire non vult. 9. Noli tuis servis 
injuriam facere. 10. Dominus sine te ambulare malet. 
11. Dux pugnare potius quam se dedere mavult. 12. 
Nolite milites mittere contra bonos viros urbis. 13. 
Cives Caesari se dedere potius quam interfici malent. 
14. Imperator pacem accipere vult. 15. Caesar cap- 
tivos tradere noluit. 

371. 1. We prefer to walk through the woods. 2. 
The master has not been willing to punish the boy. 3. I 
am willing to walk with you. 4. We shall prefer to die 
rather than be captured. 5. The ambassadors have 
been willing to furnish food and clothing for the army. 
6. The women will be willing to seek the protection of 
the fort. 7. At the end of the journey the soldiers will 
be willing to rest. 8. The king had not been willing to 
review the soldiers. 9. The prisoners have preferred to 
wait until daybreak. 10. The soldiers were not willing 
to burn the town. 11. The citizens did not wish to toil 
in the heat of the sun. 12. The soldiers preferred to go 
with the leader. 13. The horsemen were willing to 
cross the river. 14. The women had preferred to follow 
the army. 15. The scouts had been willing to aid the 
fugitives. 

*See Art. 362, page I68^ 



174 



Sum: compounds 



372. 



SUM— COMPOUNDS. 



THE VERB POSSUM,* to be able. 



r . 


ix±iN^i.r.tt.i> rt\iK\.o. pu&sum, pu: 


j&e, puiui, . 




INDICATIVE. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


Pres. 


possum,* / am able (can) . 


possim 




potes, thou art able. 


possis 




potest, he is able. 


possit 




possumus, we are able. 


possimus 




potestis, you are able. 


possitis 




possunt, they are able. 


possint 


Impf. 


poteram, / ivas able (could) . 


possem 




poteras, thou wast able. 


posses 




etc. 


etc. 


Fut. 


potero, / shall be able. 
poteris, thou wilt be able, 
etc. 




Perf. 


potui, / have been able. 


potuerim 




potuisti, thou hast been able. 


potueris 




etc. 


etc. 


Pluperf. 


potueram, / had been able. 


potuissem 




potueras, thou hast been able. 


potuisses 




etc. 


etc. 


Fut. Peri 


'.. potuero, / shall have been able. 
potueris, thou wilt have been able, 
etc. 

INFINITIVE. 




Pres. 


posse, to be able. Perf. potuisse, to have been able. 



*Possum is a compound of potis + sum or rather pot + sum. 
Before an s the t changes to an s, otherwise the t remains. An i 
after the t is dropped. 



Sum: compounds 



17> 



373- 



SUM— COMPOUNDS. 



THE VERB PROSUM,* to benefit. 
PRINCIPAL PARTS: prosum, prodesse, prdfui, 



INDICATIVE. 



Pres. 



Impf. 



Fut. 



Perf. 



SUBJUNCTIVE, 
prosim 
prosis 
prosit 
proslmus 
prdsitis 
prosint 
prodessem 
prodesses 
etc. 



prosum,* / help. 
prodes, thou helpest. 
prSdest, he helps. 
prosumus, we help. 
prSdestis, you help. 
prdsunt, they help. 
proderam, I helped. 
proderas, thou helpedst. 

etc. 
prodero, I shall help 
proderis, thou wilt help. 

etc. 
profui, I have helped. 
profuisti, thou hast helped. 

etc. 
Pluperf . profueram, I had helped. 

profueras, thou hadst helped. 

etc. 
Fut. Pcrf. prdfuero, I shall have helped. 

prdfueris, thou wilt have helped. 

etc. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Pres. prodes, help thou. Fut. prodest6, thou shalt help. 

prodeste, help ye. prddestote, ye shall -help. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. prodesse, to help. Perf. profuisse, to have helped. 

Fut. prSfuturus esse, to be about to help. 

PARTICIPLE. 
Fut profuturus, about to help. 

*Prosum is a compound of prod -f sum. Before a vowel the 
d is retained, otherwise the d is dropped. 



profuerim 
profueris 

etc. 
profuissem 
pr6fuisses 

etc. 



176 



Sum: compounds 



374. PRACTICE ON POSSUM AND PROSUM. 

Give the mood, tense, number and person of each 
form and translate wherever possible.* 



1. potero 

2. posset 

3. possumus 

4. possim 

5. potueris 

6. potuisse 

7. potuit 

8. poterimus 

9. poteris 

10. possum 

11. potuissent 

12. poterit 

13. potestis 

14. poterat 

15. potuimus 

16. potes 

17. possem 

18. possint 

19. poteram 

20. possent 



21. possunt 

22. potuerat 

23. posse 

24. poteras 

25. potest 

26. potuissem 

27. potuerant 

28. poterant 

29. potuerit 

30. possit 

31. pro sum 

32. profuerunt 

33. profuit 

34. proderant 

35. prosit 

36. profuerant 

37. prodesse 

38. prosumus 

39. prodeste 

40. prosint 



41. prodestis 

42. profuissem 

43. proderit 

44. prodessent 

45. profuisse 

46. prodes 

47. prodesset 

48. proderat 

49. prosim 

50. profuerint 

51. prosunt 

52. profuistis 

53. profuisset 

54. profuerat 

55. prodest 

56. profuerit 

57. profuissemus 

58. profueris 

59. profuturus 

60. profui 



* Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the context. 



Sum: COMPOUNDS 



177 



375. PRACTICE ON POSSUM AND PROSUM. 



Give the mood, tense, number and person of each 
form and translate. 



1. you are able 


31. they will have helped 


2. he had been able 


32. I had helped 


3. to have been able 


33. you help 


4. they will be able 


34. he will help 


5. I am able 


35. they have helped 


6. thou wilt be able 


36. I help 


7. I shall have been able 


37. he helped 


8. he has been able 


38. they had helped 


9. thou art able 


39. I have helped 


10. we are able 


40. you helped 


11. I shall be able 


41. they help 


12. they are able 


42. we have helped 


13. to be able 


43. you will help 


14. he is able 


44. he helps 


15. we were able 


45. I shall have helped 


16. thou wast able 


46. to help 


17. they were able 


47. they helped 


18. I have been able 


48. we shall help 


19. you have been able 


490 you have helped 


20. he was able 


50. I helped 


21. they had been able 


51. he will have helped 


22. we shall be able 


52. we had helped 


23. I was able 


53. he has helped 


24. thou hast been able 


54. you had helped 


25. he will be able 


55. I shall help 


26. they will have been able 


56. to have helped 


27. you were able 


57. they will help 


28. I had been able 


58. thou wilt help 


29. we have been able 


59. help thou 


30. you had been able 


60. he had helped 



178 



Sum: COMPOUNDS 



376. THE COMPOUNDS OF SUM. 


PRINCIPAL PARTS. 




absum abesse afui, 


to be away, absent. 


adsum adesse adfui, 


to be present. 


dgsum deesse defui, 


to be lacking. 


Insum inesse infui. 


to be in. 


intersum interesse interfui 


to be between, or among. 


obsum obesse obful, 


to be a hindrance to. 


possum posse potui. 


to be able. 


praesum praeesse praefui, 


to be at the head of. 


prosum prodesse profui , 


to benefit, help. 


subsum subesse subfui 


to be under. 


supersum superesse superfui, 


to survive, remain over. 



377. Rule of Syntax. — The compounds of sum take a 
dative of the person or thing affected, (except possum, 
absum and intersum). 



EXERCISES. 

378. 1. Nostri equites fugitivos non longius persequi 
potuerant. 2. Potestas magna in numeris inest. 3. 
Amicitia firma inter milites decimae legionis interfuit. 
4. Fugitivo vis equi multum profuit. 5. Equites ho- 
stium a nobis non longissime absunt. 6. Dux fortis eis 
omnibus militibus praefuerat. 7. Fortes viri Romanis 
nullo tempore defuerunt. 8. Nostrae naves rostris 
navium hostium noceri non potuerunt. 9. Perexigua 
pars sola illius exercitus superfuerat. 10. Decima legio 
auxilio civibus aderat. 

379. 1. I am not able to persuade the leader. 2. 
From this battle only five hundred of the enemy remain. 
3. Our cohort is two miles from the city. 4. The 
scouts were not able to see the ships in the harbor. 5. 
The soldiers will not fail the king in time of danger. 6. 
On that day all the senators were present. 7. Will you 
help us with wagons and food ? 8. A long road is between 
us and the end. of our journey. 9. In a few days the sick 
man will be able to walk. to. There is much wisdom in 
this plan of the king. 



Sum: COMPOUNDS 179 



EXERCISES. 

380. 1. Nautae vim tempestatis pati non poterant. 

2. Legatus Romanus omnibus copiis sociorum praeerat. 

3. Flumen atque silvae inter nos et oppidum intersunt. 

4. Propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem op- 
pidum expugnare non potuerunt. 5. Nox aderat itaque 
castra conlocavimus. 6. Ex eo proelio circiter milia 
hominum decern superfuerunt. 7. Hoc bellum nulli 
profuit. 8. Exercitus ab oppido circiter milia passuum 
quinque abest. 9. Multae res necessariae exercitui 
deerant. 10. Magnus terror in animis civium infuerat. 

381. 1 . We are all present as an aid to our friends. 2. 
Ships and grain-supply had been lacking to the com- 
mander. 3. On account of the calm the ships were not 
able to be moved from the place. 4. Who is in com- 
mand of all the ships of the allies? 1 5. There is great 
reward in true friendship. 6. We shall help all our 
friends with our money. 7. We cannot send more than 
three ships. 8. Not much of the summer remains to us. 
9. This man alone remains from a whole tribe. 10. We 
cannot be more than three miles away from Rome. 

382. 1. Somnus gratus militibus defessis proderit. 2. 
Non multum temporis ad solis occasum supererat. 3. 
Cives defessi oppidum non longius defendere possunt. 
4. Pater ac dominus multis modis intersunt. 5. Flu- 
men a nostris castris non amplius quam milia passuum 
decern aberat. 6. Nulla omnium navium cursum 
tenere poterat. 7. Oppidum a nobis paucorum dierum 
iter abest. 8. Nonne Barbari Romanos e suis finibus 
expellere poterant? 9. Omnia deerant, quae ad bellum 
erant usui. 10. Propter custodes flumen clam transire 
non poterimus. 



180 PARTICIPLES 



383. PARTICIPLES. 

Participles may be used as adjectives, coming either 
before the noun (attributive position) or after the noun, 
in meaning, (predicate position). 

Present Participles are declined like amans(see art. 384) , 
Perfect and Future Participles. . . .like bonus (see art. 

5=0. 

The time of the Participle is relative to the time of the 
main verb. 

A Present Participle represents the same time as that 
of the main verb. 

A Perfect Participle represents time prior to that of 
the main verb. 

A Future Participle represents time later than that of 

the main verb. 

Examples. 

1 . Milites fortiter pugnantes ceciderunt. 
The soldiers fell fighting bravely. 

2 . Vidi regem in esseda f ugientem. 

I saw the king fleeing in his chariot. 

3 . Eques vulneratus ilia nocte mortuus est. 

The horseman, having been wounded, died that night. 

4. Dux, pugnaturus, suam aciem instruit. 

The leader, being about to fight, is drawing up his line of 
battle. 

384. Present Participles are declined as follows. 

Amans, loving. 



SINGULAR 




PLURAL. 


M. & F. 


NV 


M. & F. 


N. 


N.V. amans 


amans 


amantes 


amantia 


G. amantis 


amantis 


amantium 


amantium 


D. amanti 


amanti 


amantibus 


amantibus 


Ac. amantem 


amans 


amantes (is) 


amantia 


Ab. amante, 1 


amante, i 


amantibus 


amantibus 


Perfect and Future Participles 


are declined like bonus. (See 


page 20.) 









PARTICIPLKS LSI 



EXERCISES. 

38$. 1. Sol oriens nubes fugat. 2. Custos equites ad 
flumen fugientes vidit. 3. Rex multas naves in portum 
coactas habet. 4. Magister discipulo studenti diligen- 
tissime librum dabit. 5. Haec locutus nuntius tacuit. 
6. Liberi agricolas in agris arantes spectant. 7. Servi 
militibus urbem defendentibus cibum ferent. 8. Specu- 
lators captivos vinctos ad castra ducunt. 9. Numerus 
hominum in pugna interfectorum erat maximus. 10. 
Barbari eis rebus commoti bellum gerere incipiebant. 

386. 1. Tired out with their wounds the soldiers began 
to retreat. 2. The leader with his men pursued the 
fleeing enemy. 3. The king and his companions are 
making the journey in chariots gathered by the citizens. 
4. Will you carry this food to the men working in the 
fields? 5. Having encouraged the foot-soldiers he en- 
gaged in battle with the Romans. 6. The Romans will 
slay all those who are bearing arms against them. 7. 
When the king had been informed of this, he drew up his 
line of battle. 8. The faithfulness of those guarding 
the children is very great. 9. This city has been built 
by men captured in war. 10. We think that the horse- 
men terrified with fear have departed. 

387. 1. Crassus suos equites cohortatus contra hostes 
adduxit. 2. Vidimus arma a militibus capta. 3. 
Flentes cum pluribus verbis pacem a rege petebant. 4. 
Hie pons a fabris missis Roma aedificatus est. 5. 
Hostes pulsi in fuga salutem petiverunt. 6. Filius viri 
in ponte stantis est judex. 7. Imperator arbitratus id 
bellum celeriter confici posse eo exercitum duxit. 8. 
Arma Gallorum captorum in pugna novissima efferentur. 
9. Urbs a legionibus missis a rege servata est. 10. Per- 
spiciens periculum miles ad oppidum contendit. 



182 



ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 



388. 



ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 



The dependent clause of a complex sentence may be expressed 
by an ablative absolute, provided its subject is not the same as 
the subject of the main clause. 

The subject is put in the ablative case and the verb becomes a 
participle modifying the noun. 

EXAMPLES. 

When he had captured the 1 
fleet, Pompey returned to Italy. ! Classi capta, 
i. e. The fleet having been cap- f Pompejus in Italiam rediit. 
tured, Pompey returned to Italy. J 

Because the bridge had been de- 
stroyed, the army was hindered. 
i. e. The bridge having been de- 
stroyed, the army ivas hindered. 

If this has been done, the gen- 
eral will conquer. 
i.e. This having been done, the 
general will conquer. 

Sometimes a present active participle is used. 
When the sun rose, the air be- 1 
came clear. I Sole oriente, 

i. e. The sun rising, the air be- \ aer clarus fiebat 



] 



Ponte deleto, 

exercitus impeditus est. 



K 



Hoc facto, 



imperator vmcet. 



Caesare duce, 

oppidum capietur. 



came clear. 

Sometimes two nouns stand as an ablative absolute. 
If Caesar is leader, the town will 
be taken. 

i. e. Caesar being leader, the 
town will be taken. 

During the consulship of Lepi- ] 

dus and Tullus, a conspiracy was I ,• • 

formed i. e. Lepidus and Tullus [ Le P ldo et Tull ° consukbus, 

being consuls, a conspiracy was | conspiratio facta est. 

formed. J 

Sometimes a noun and an adjective are used. 
Because the sea was calm, they 
made the journey quickly. 
i. e. The sea being calm, they 
made the journey quickly. 



Mari sereno, 

' Her celeriter fecerunt. 



ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 1 X.' 



■ > 



389. Rule of Syntax. — The Ablative Absolute may 
express time, cause, means, condition, or some other cir- 
cumstance on which the action of the main clause de- 
pends. 

EXERCISES. 

390. 1. Obsidibus acceptis exercitum ad mare reducit. 
2. Summa tranquilitate consecuta omnes naves in- 
columes perduxit. 3. Isdem viris ducibus Romani Gallo c 
superabunt. 4. Hoc facto feminae domum redibant. 
5. Ea re constituta milites e castris egressi sunt. 6. 
Castris munitis tela comparare coepit. 7. Hoc responso 
dato discessit. 8. Rejectis pilis cominus gladiis pug- 
natum est. 9. Cognito Caesaris adventu Galli legatos 
ad eum mittunt. 10. His responsis ad Caesarem relatis 
iterum ad eum Caesar nuntium misit. 11. His rebus 
cognitis Caesar virorum animos verbis confirmavit. 12. 
Hac oratione habita omnes a militibus auxilium petere 
coeperunt. 13. Hoc proelio facto imperator exercitum 
trans flumen ducet. 

391. 1. When they have reported these things to their 
chiefs, the ambassadors will return. 2. In the consul- 
ship of Piso, Pompey was sent into Asia. 3. Since the 
battle has been fought, Caesar will return to Rome. 4. 
Since no one opposed the commander, he made his way 
through the province. 5. Although the war was fin- 
ished, the soldiers remained in the colony. 6. The men 
drew their swords and made an attack upon the enemy. 
7. Although the enemy have been routed, the army 
will not return to camp. 8. The soldiers fortified the 
camp and awaited the attack of the enemy. 9. With 
this man as leader, we shall conquer our enemies. 10. 
After the messengers had made their answer, they had 
departed. 



184 GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 

THE GERUND AND THE GERUNDIVE. 

392. The Gerund is a noun. The Gerundive is an 

adjective. 

The Gerund can have only the endings — di (gen.), — 
do (dat.), — dum (ace.), — do (abl.). 

The Gerundive is declined like bonus (see art. 52). 



393. We may use either the Gerund or the Gerundive 
to express the verbal ideas, such as running, ruling, pre- 
paring, etc. 

When the Gerund is used, it is put into the proper case 
and may take an object. 

When the Gerundive is used, the noun is put into the 
proper case and the gerundive agrees with that noun. 

394. EXAMPLES. 

1. The leader had great hopes of taking the city. 

GERUND : Dux urbem expugnandi spes magnas habuit. 
GERUNDIVE: Dux urbis expugnandae spes magnas habuit. 

2 . The ships were useful for waging war. 

GERUND: Naves bellum gerendo erant utiles. 
GERUNDIVE: Naves bello gerendo erant utiles. 

3. The soldiers had been sent to aid the citizens. 

GERUND: Milites ad* cives juvandum missi erant. 
GERUNDIVE : Milites ad cives juvandos missi eran J ;. 

4. We shall save the city by sending aid. 
GERUND: Urbem auxilium mittendo servabimus. 
GERUNDIVE; Urbem auxilio mittendo servabimus. 

395. Study Rule of Syntax 1 1 , page 34. 

*ad with the accusative of the gerund is another way of ex- 
pressing purpose. 



GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 185 

EXERCISES. 

396. 1. Legiones Romanae pugnandi causa convenient. 
2. Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis esse dux- 
erunt. 3. Hostes parati ad omnia pericula subeunda 
fuerunt. 4. Occasio negoti bene gerendi non a legato 
amissa erat. 5. Helvetii fuerunt homines bellandi 
cupidi. 6. Intellexitne rex de expugnando oppido? 7. 
Nobis est nulla spes urbem capiendi. 8. Haec omnia 
ad proficiscendum pertinent. 9. Nos captivos liberandi 
atque ulciscendi Romanos facultatem non dimittemus. 
10. Corpus edendo alitur. 

397. 1. An opportunity of making their way through 
the province was granted. 2. Night made an end of the 
fighting. 3. There was the greatest difficulty of making 
a bridge on account of the river's depth. 4. Caesar had 
learned concerning their crossing the river. 5. The foot- 
soldiers made a beginning of crossing the river. 6. They 
had come into Gaul for the sake of plundering the vil- 
lages, 7. The horsemen had no opportunity of carrying 
on war. 8. The commander will delay in this place for 
the sake of preparing the ships. 9. The general has 
sent a part of the soldiers to pursue the enemy. 10. 
An army will be collected for the sake of waging war 
against the Romans. 

398. 1. Dies tres a duce ad deliberandum sumpti sunt. 
2. Omnia haec nobis magno usui ad bellum gerendum 
erant. 3. Difficultas navigandi est maxima. 4. Duo 
legiones ad Caesarem auxili ferendi causa proficiscuntur. 
5. Regi ex esseda desiliendi facultas non data est. 6. 
Hostes in agris vastandis magnam injuriam faciunt. 7. 
Minimum spati ad se armandos civibus dabatur. 8. 
Ars bene scribendi non est facilis. 9. Mens militis ad 
calamitates perferendas est firma. 10. Vos cunctando 
nihil conncere poteritis. 



186 THE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS 

THE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS. 

399. There are two Periphrastic Conjugations. 

1. Active. 2. Passive. 

400. The Active Periphrastic Conjugation is formed by placing 
the Future Active Participle before each part of the verb sum. 

Active Periphrastic Conjugation. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Pres. amaturus (-a, -um) sum, es est, etc., I am about to love. etc. 
Impf. amaturus eram, eras, erat, etc., I was about to love, etc. 
Fut. amaturus ero, eris, erit, etc., I shall be about to love, etc. 
Perf. amaturus fui, futsti, fuit, etc., I have been (was) about to love, etc. 
Plup. amaturus fueram, fueras, etc., / had been about to love, etc. 
Fut. P. amaturus fuero, fueris, etc., I shall have been about to love, etc. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

P.es. amaturus sim, sis, sit, etc., (7 may be about to love, etc.) 
Impf. amaturus essem, esses, esset, etc., (/ might be about to love, etc.) 
Perf. amaturus fuerim, fueris, etc., (7 may have been about to love, etc.) 
Plup. amaturus fuissem, fuisses, etc., ( I might have been about to love, etc.) 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. amaturus esse, to be about to love. 

Perf. amaturus fuisse, to have been about to love. 

401 . The Passive Periphrastic Conjugation is formed by placing 
the Gerundive before each part of the verb sum. 

Passive Periphrastic Conjugation. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Pres. amandus (-a, -um) sum, es, etc., I am {must) (ought) to be loved, etc. 
Impf. amandus eram, eras, erat, etc., I was to be loved, etc. 
Fut. amandus ero, eris, erit, etc., I shall be (worthy) to be loved, etc. 
Perf. amandus fui, fuistl, fuit, etc., I have been (worthy) to be loved, etc. 
Plup. amandus fueram, fueras, fuerat, etc., I Jtad been (worthy) to be loved, e'c, 
Fut. P. amandus fuero, fueris, fuerit, etc., I shall have been (worthy) to be 

loved, etc. 
SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pres. amandus sim, sis, sit, etc., [I may be (worthy) to be loved, etc.] 
Impf. amandus essem, esses, esset, etc., [/ might be (worthy) to be loved, etc.] 
Perf. amandus fuerim, fueris, etc. , [I may have been (worthy) to be loved, etc.] 
Plup. amandus fuissem, fuisses, etc., [/ might have been (worthy) to be loved, etc.] 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. amandus esse, to be (worthy) to be loved. 

Perf. amandus fuisse, to have been (worthy) to be loved. 



THE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS 187 

402. The Active Periphratic Conjugation expresses purpose, 
intention, or an emphatic future idea, from the stand point of 
present, past or future time. 

1. Caesar in Gallos helium gesturus est. 
Caesar is about to wage war on the Gauls. 

2. Milites virum interfecturi fuerant. 

The soldiers had been about to kill the man . 

403. The Passive Periphrastic Conjugation expresses necessity, 
duty or obligation. 

1 . Pons in Rhenum faciendus est. 

A bridge must be made over the Rhine. 

2 . Pons Caesari in Rhenum faciendus fuerat. 

A bridge had to be made over the Rhine by Caesar. 

404. Study Rule of Syntax 1 1 , Page 34. 

EXERCISES. 

405. 1. Omnia Caesari uno tempore agenda erant. 
2. In Galliam magnum numerum militum missuri 
sumus. 3. Dux vulneratus in carro Romam referendus 
fuerat. 4. Ante primam lucem oppidum nobis capien- 
dum erit. 5. Romanus clarus dixit Carthaginem delen- 
dam esse. 6. Prima luce castra longius ab hostibus 
remotura erant. 7. Non existimo nos victoriam repor- 
taturos esse. 8. Hie servus propter suam fortitudinem 
tibi liberandus fuit. 9. Impetus in hostes a nostris 
militibus facturus erat. 10. Caesar pontem in Rhenum 
faciendum esse curavit. 

406. 1. The signal had to be given with the trumpets. 

2. We are about to send you a large supply of money. 

3. The leader has determined that the city must be 
taken at once. 4. The Horsemen do not intend to wait 
for the leader. 5. At day-break the camp will have to be 
more strongly fortified. 6. The two armies were about 
to engage in battle. 7. The fugitives ought to be over- 
taken by the cavalry within three hours. 8. The king 
was on the point of sending a second messenger. 9. I 
must procure a large number of boats for our army. 
10. On the third day the citizens were about to surrender 
themselves to the Romans. 



188 IMPERSONAL VERBS 

IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

407. An Impersonal Verb is a verb whose subject is not a 
person, but the indefinite "it." Hence, in Latin, the subject of 
an impersonal verb is a clause, a phrase or simply "it." (tonat, 
it thunders). 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Mihi licet remanere. (It is permitted to me to remain.) I 
may remain. 

2. Eum pudet turpitudinis suae. (It shames him of his 
baseness.) He is ashamed of his baseness. 

3. Te ducere decet. {You to lead is fitting.) It is fitting that 
you shoidd lead. 

4. Consuli placuit ut pacem faceret. (It was pleasing to the 
consul that he should make peace.) The consul decided to make 
peace. 

408. A List of the Chief Impersonal Verbs. 

1. apparet, apparuit — it is apparent, evident. 

2. constat, constitit— '-it is settled. 

3 . contingit, contigit — it happens. 

4. decet, decuit — it is fitting, proper. 

5 . dedecet, dedecuit — it is not fitting, not proper. 

6. interest, interfuit — it is of importance , concerns. 

7. libet, libuit — it is agreeable. 

8. licet, licuit — it is permitted. 

9. miseret, miseruit — it makes miserable. 

10. oportet, oportuit — it is necessary (one ought). 

1 1 . paenitet, paenituit — it repents. 

12. piget, piguit — it disgusts. 

13. placet, placuit— it pleases. 

14. praestat, praestitit— it is better. 

15. pudet, puduit — it shames. 

16. stat, stetit — it remains fixed. 

17. taedet, taeduit — it tires, wearies. 

409. Rule of Syntax. — The impersonal verbs miseret, paenitet, 
pigetj pudet, taedet take the accusative of the person and the 
genitive of the cause of the feeling, 



IMPERSONAL VERBS 189 

410. Sometimes an Intransitive Verb is used impersonally. 
The verb is then always passive and the person or thing acted 
upon is in the dative case. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Diu atque acriter pugnabatur, It was fought long and 
sharply. 

2. Consuli persuasum est, (It was persuaded to the consul) 
The consul was persuaded. 

3. Jussibus imperatoris parebatur, (It was being obeyed to the 
orders of the commander) The orders*pf the commander were being 
obeyed. 

EXERCISES. 

411. 1. Hostes timere apparuit. 2. Nos temeritatis 
nostrae pudet. 3. Acriter in eo loco pugnatum est. 4. 
Eis ex urbe exire licuit. 5. Eis facillime persuasum est. 
6. Eos suae crudelitatis paenitere necesse est. 7. 
Ducemne belli longi taedet? 8. Milites se in castra 
receperunt ut erat imperatum. 9. Vos Romam redire 
praestat. 10. Ubi eo ventum est, dux castra conlocavit. 
11. Interest vos celerrime venire. 12. Regi huic viro 
donum dare placuit. 13. Legibus civitatis paretur, 14. 
Vos nobis esse socios decet. 15. Consulem regem videre 
interest. 

412. 1. It is important that I return into Italy. 2. 
The king was pleased with my work. 3. It was appa- 
rent that the enemy were not far away. 4. The com- 
mands of the consul will be obeyed. 5. We ought to 
send men to the river. 6. It is better for us to keep 
silent. 7. This man is not weary of the journey. 8. 
We are disgusted with you. 9. It was fought long and 
eagerly. 10. You may leave the camp. 11. Is he not 
ashamed of his boldness? 12. It is not fitting for a 
soldier to fear. 13. It will not be permitted that he go 
out of the city. 



190 



REVIEW. 



413. 



VOCABULARY REVIEW. 



Give the meaning of each of the following words. 
Give the declension and gender of each noun. 

31. frater 61. alius 

32. talis 62. aliquis 

33. nobilis 63. tuus 
34 « jus jurandum 64. admiror 

35. queror 65. soleo 

36. audacter 66. dhl 



1. a, enter 

2. celeriter 

3. epistula 

4. conor 

5. lenis 

6. polliceor 

7. ullus 

8. custodio 

9. confiteor 

10. vereor 

11. libere 

12. cito 

13. audeo 

14. potior 

15. aperio 

16. bene 

17. rumor 

18. effugio 

19. largiter 

20. ipse 

21. cunctor 

22. perfacilis 

23. cohortor 

24. crudelis 

25. deprecor 

26. similis 

27. sequor 

28. dominor 

29. mihi 

30. nullus 



37. horribilis 

38. Tnsidior 

39. orior 

40. humilis 

41. gratulor 

42. proficlscor 

43. alter 

44. ille 

45. diripio 

46. hie 

47. utilis 

48. turpiter 

49. desertor 

50. utor 

51. profiteor 

52. alacritas 

53. tueor 

54. is 

55. magis 

56. vagor 

57. optimus 

58. nascor 

59. saepe 

60. partior 



67. morior 

68. totus 

69. adorior 

70. sibi 

71. melior 

72. obliviscor 

73. velox 

74. arbitror 

75. impune 

76. vis 

77. dives 

78. moror 

79. turpis 

80. se 

81. gaudeo 

82. mollities 

83. fortiter 

84. grandis 

85. labor 

86. fruor 

87. incolumis 

88. loquor 

89. fungor 

90. feliciter 



REVIEW. 



191 



414. VOCABULARY REVIEW. 




Give the Latin form for each of the following words. 


1. 


to dare 


3i. 


deserter 


61. 


to confess 


2. 


none 


32. 


to set out 


62. 


to encourage 


3- 


low 


33- 


gentle 


63. 


another 


4- 


to be master 


34- 


this 


64. 


to forget 


5- 


to wander 


35. 


similar 


65. 


rich 


6. 


quickly 


36. 


brother 


66. 


smoothness 


7. 


such 


37- 


well 


67. 


to slip 


8. 


keenly 


38. 


to disclose 


68. 


unharmed 


9- 


to follow 


39. 


swift 


69. 


liberally 


10. 


thy 


40. 


to beseech 


70. 


the other 


11. 


swiftly 


41. 


often 


7i. 


to use 


12. 


useful 


42. 


any 


72. 


to dread 


13. 


base 


43. 


to complain 


73- 


to be wont 


14. 


to rise 


44. 


to plunder 


74. 


noble 


15. 


nobility 


45- 


to escape 


75- 


to speak 


16. 


strength 


46. 


to lie in wait 


76. 


certain 


17. 


to congratulate 47. 


with impunity 77. 


that 


18. 


letter 


48. 


eagerness 


78. 


joyful 


19. 


someone 


49- 


boldly 


79- 


to choose 


20. 


to promise 


50. 


to admire 


80. 


to consider 


21. 


rather 


5i. 


he, they 


81. 


to rejoice 


22. 


to try 


52. 


to enjoy 


82. 


to perform 


23- 


basely 


53- 


best 


83. 


better 


24. 


rumor 


54. 


to be born 


84. 


bravely 


25. 


to attack 


55- 


I, we 


85. 


name 


26. 


to protect 


56. 


to guard 


86. 


oath 


27. 


to share 


57- 


cruel 


87. 


horrible 


28. 


to delay 


58. 


freely 


88. 


to profess 


29. 


himself 


59- 


memorable 


89. 


and so 


30. 


successfully 


60. 


whole 


90. 


bitter 



192 THE SUPINES 



THE SUPINES. 

415. A Supine is a verbal noun; i. e. it has a verbal 
meaning, but is used as a noun. 

416. There are only two supines to a verb: — one in 
um (ace. case) and the other in u (abl.). They are not 
declined. 

417. Rule of Syntax: The Supine in um is used after a verb 
of motion to express purpose * 

418. Rule of Syntax : The Supine in u expresses specification. 

419. EXAMPLES. 

Rex legatos pacem petitum misit. 

The king has sent ambassadors to seek peace. 

Hoc est facile factu. 

This is easy to do (i.e., easy in the doing). 

EXERCISES. 

420. 1. Principes civitatum ad imperatorem gratu- 
latum convenerunt. 2. Perfacile factu esse illis probat. 
3. Haedui Romam ad senatum auxilium postulatum 
veniunt. 4. Oppidum expugnatu facile erit. 5. Hoc 
est optimum factu. 6. Nos legatos pacem petitum ab 
Caesare mittemus. 7. Gives naves spectatum conve- 
niunt. 8. Vulnera militum fuerunt horribilia visu. 
9. Vox oratoris fuit jucunda auditu. 10. Fatum exer- 
citus cognitu difficile est. 

421. 1. We shall send a man to the consul to obtain 
pardon. 2. This is very easy to do. 3. The soldiers 
are coming together to look at the chariots. 4. That is 
not so difficult to learn. 5. Such words are not pleasing 
to hear. 6. The men have gone to procure fodder. 

7. A part of the horsemen have gone pursuing the enemy. 

8. The kindness of the old-man was pleasing to see. 9. 
The gentle voice of the queen is pleasing to hear. 10. 
Pleasant things are not hard to tell. 

*We have similar expressions in English: e. g. I go afishing. 
We shall go a walking, etc. 



THE SUBJUNCTfVE MOOD 



193 



INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

422. The Subjunctive Mood is a mood of doubt, i. e., the sub- 
junctive mood rarely expresses a fact but is used wherever the 
person is not absolutely positive as to whether or not a thing is 
true. 

The Subjunctive is used chiefly in Dependent Clauses. (Some- 
times in an Independent clause, see .Arts. 443, 453) 

423. The translation of a subjunctive form depends upon the 
clause in which the form stands. Sometimes it is translated by 
the English Indicative; sometimes by the Subjunctive; sometimes 
by the Infinitive; sometimes by the Imperative; sometimes by the 
use of may, might, would, should. 

Examples. 

1. Cum milites venissent, When the soldiers had come, etc. 

2. Rex aderat ut naves videret. The king was present in order 
to sec the ships. 

or The king was present that he might see the ships. 
or The king was present to see the ships. 

3. Omnes eamus. Let us all go. 

4. Licet domum eas. You may go home. 



SEQUENCE OF TENSES. 

424. The tenses of the Indicative and those of the Subjunc- 
tive mood are divided into two classes — (1) Primary. (2) Sec- 
ondary. 

RULE. — Primary tenses of the Subjunctive must follow 
primary tenses of the Indicative. Secondary tenses of the Sub- 
junctive must follow secondary tenses of the Indicative. 

Subjunctive. 



Primary. 



Secondary. 



Indicative. 

Present ") 

Future 
Perfect (has) 
or Fut. Perfect 
Imperfect \ 



■! Perfect (=Imperf), 
( or Pluperfect 



y followed by 



followed by 



I Present 
{ or 
Perfect 

{Imperfect 
or 
Pluperfect. 



194 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 



425. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

The chief uses of the Subjunctive Mood are as follows : 

1. PURPOSE, (a) ut (in order that) + Subjunctive. 

(b) ne (in order that not) -f Subjunctive. 

(c) relative pronoun + Subjunctive. 

(a) Caesari obsides dederunt ut pacem haberent. 

They gave hostages to Caesar in order that they might have peace. 

(b) Viri fugiunt ne capiantur. 

The men flee in order that they may not be captured. 

(c) Galli nuntios mittunt qui pacem petant. 

The Gauls send messengers who should seek peace. 

2. RESULT, (a) ut (so that) + Subjunctive. 

(b) ut non {negative) + Subjunctive. 

(c) relative pronoun + Subjunctive. 

(a) Milites ita acriter pugnaverunt ut hostes vincerent. 

The soldiers fought so earnestly that they conquered the enemy. 

(b) Milites ita defessi erant ut hostes non vincerent. 

The soldiers were so tired that they did not conquer the enemy. 

(c) Caesar milites defessos habebat qui bene non pugnarent. 
Caesar had tired soldiers who did not fight well. 

3. AFTER WORDS OF DOUBT.— quin {but that) '+ Subjunctive. 

Dubium non est quin nuntium mittat. 

There is no doubt but that he is sending a messenger. 

4. AFTER WORDS OF FEAR, (a) ne (lest) + Subjunctive. 

(b) ut {lest not) + Subjunctive. 

(a) Milites timent ne vir capiatur. 

The soldiers fear that the man is being captured. 

(b) Viri timent ut Caesar cibum mittat. 

The men fear that Caesar is not sending food. 

5. TEMPORAL CLAUSES.— cum (when) + Subjunctive. 

Cum id Caesari nuntiatum esset ab urbe profectus est. 

When this had been announced to Caesar he set out from the city. 

6. CAUSAL CLAUSES. — cum (because) + Subjunctive. 

Caesar finem pugnandi fecit cum milites essent defessi. 
Caesar made an end of fighting because the soldiers were tired. 



THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 195 






7. CONCESSION CLAUSES.— cum {although) + Subjunctive. 
Cum hostes fortitcr pugncnt Caesar cos vincet. 

Although the encjny are fighting bravely Caesar will conquer them. 

8. INDIRECT QUESTIONS.— Subjunctive. 

Caesar ab eis quacsivit qui essent. 
Caesar asked them who they were. 

9. HORTATORY.— Subjunctive Present, 1st person. Plural. 
Legatos ad Caesarem mittamus. 

Let us send ambassadors to Caesar. 

10. CONDITIONS. — si (if) + Subjunctive. 

(a) Simple — (Present or Fut. Ind. in both clauses). 

(b) Less Vivid Future — (Pres. Subj. in both clauses). 

(c) Present Contrary to Fact — (Imperf. Subj. in both clauses). 

(d) Past Contrary to Fact — (Pluperf. Subj. in both clauses) . 

(a) Si transire conantur eos prohibebimus. 
// they try to cross we shall prevent them. 

(b) Si transire conentur eos prohibeamus. 

7/ they should try to cross we would prevent them. 

(c) Si transire conarentur eos prohiberemus. 

If they were trying to cross we would be preventing them. 

(d) Si transire conati essent eos prohibuissemus. 

If they had tried to cross we would have prevented them. 

1 1 . WISHES.— utinam ( would that) + Subjunctive. 

(a) Simple — Utinam + Pres. or Fut. Ind. 

(b) Less Vivid Future — Utinam + Pres. Subj . 

(c) Present contrary to fact — Utinam + Imperf. Subj. 

(d) Past contrary to fact — Utinam + Pluperf. Subj. 

(a) Utinam vir cibum habebit. 
Would that the man may have food. 

(b) Utinam vir cibum habeat. 

Wotdd that the man might have food. 

(c) Utinam vir cibum haberet. 

Wotdd that the man were having food. 

(d) Utinam vir cibum habuisset. 
Would that the man had had food. 



196 PURPOSE AND RESULT 

426. PURPOSE AND RESULT. 

1. PURPOSE, (a) ut (in order that) + Subjunctive. 

(b) ne (in order that not) + Subjunctive. 

(c) relative pronoun + Subjunctive. 

(a) Caesari obsides dederunt ut pacem haberent. 

They gave hostages to Caesar in order that they might 
have peace. 

(b) Viri fugiunt ne capiantur. 

The men flee in order that they may not be captured. 

(c) Galli nuntios mittunt qui pacem petant. 

The Gauls send messengers who should seek peace. 

2. RESULT. (a) ut (so that) + Subjunctive. 

(b) ut not (negative) + Subjunctive. 

(c) relative pronoun + Subjunctive. 

(a) Milites ita acriter pugnaverunt ut hostes vincerent. 

The soldiers fought so earnestly that they conquered 
the enemy. 

(b) Milites ita defessi erant ut hostes non vincerent. 

The soldiers were so tired that they did not conquer the 
enemy. 

(c) Caesar milites defessos habebat qui bene non pugnarent. 
Caesar had tired soldiers who did not fight well. 

EXERCISES. 

427. 1. Imperator ad militem litteram misit ne virum 
cibo juvaret. 2. Caesari placuit ut ad Gallos nuntium 
mitteret. 3. Caesar militibus dissuaserat ut pugnae 
fortunam non experti essent. 4. Accidit ut milites 
castra prope flumen conlocarent. 5. Milites ex oppido 
exire jussit ne quam* injuriam oppidani acciperent. 
6. Legati venerunt ut locum conloquio deligerent. 7. 
Equus tarn validus est ut servus eum coercere non 
possit. 8. Caesar pro castris milites produxit ut proelio 
contenderet. 9. Puer virum oravit ut sibi scutum 
daret. 10. Mitte militem ad me ne quam injuriam 
faciat. 

*Anv form of quis <>r qui after ne or si nionns "any > > . ," 



PURPOSE AND RESULT 1!)7 

428. i. The Romans had so large an army that they 
easily drove the Germans out of Gaul. 2. The man 
hastens in order to see the commander. 3. He will 
command the townsmen that they give food to the sol- 
diers. 4. The soldiers had set out so quickly from the 
camp that they intercepted the men. 5. The com- 
mander will be requested to come to a conference. 6. 
We must fortify the camp lest the enemy capture our 
baggage. 7 . The men had such sharp weapons that they 
conquered the horsemen. 8. We shall ask the townsmen 
to give us food and water. 

EXERCISES. 

429. 1 . Viri ad urbem maturant ne tempus dimittant. 
2. Quam ob rem secutum est hostes adoriri non posse- 
mus. 3. Postulabo ne milites trans flumen traducas. 
4. Mittam equum in quo in oppidum veharis. 5. Jus 
jurandum acceperunt ne in populum Romanum bellum 
inlaturi essent. 6. Dux milites multos habet quibus- 
cum oppidum oppugnare possit. 7. Imperator multum 
curaverat ut cibus militibus non defuisset. 8. Virum 
fortem desidero quern in urbem mittam. 

430. 1. The master has sent five books which the chil- 
dren are to study. 2. The commander will send soldiers 
who will help us tight with the enemy. 3. Three men 
were chosen who should seek aid from the townsmen. 4. 
You will send a man whom I may use as a spy. 5. They 
built a bridge so that they were able to bring over the 
horses and the men. 6. The enemy had selected a mes- 
senger whom they would send to the town. 7. I have 
summoned the messenger whose response I shall receive. 
8. The woman brought so much food to the leader that 
Hit- soldiers received a share, 



198 CLAUSES OF DOUBT AND FEAR 



431. CLAUSES OF DOUBT AND FEAR. 

AFTER WORDS OF DOUBT.— quin (but thai) + 
Subjunctive. 

Dubium non est quin nuntium mittat. 

There is no doubt but that he is sending a messenger. 
(After an affirmative doubt use an infinitive clause.) 
AFTER WORDS OF FEAR.— 

(a) ne (lest) + Subjunctive. 

(b) ut (lest not) 4- Subjunctive. 

(a) Milites timent ne vir capiatur. 

The soliders fear lest the man be captured. 

(b) Viri timent ut Caesar cibum mittat. 

The men fear lest Caesar is not sending food. 
Note : The future idea in the subjunctive is expressed by 
the Active Periphrastic Conjugation (see page 186.) 

EXERCISES. 

432. 1. Non dubium est quin omnes vos sitis milites 
fortes. 2. Timeo ne hostes in nostris militibus prope 
pontem impetum faciant. 3. Dux timebat ut auxilium 
ad se ante primam lucem perventurum esset. 4. Quis 
dubitat quin Romani victoriam reportaturi sint. 5. 
Omnes timuerant ne naves tempestate deletae essent. 
6. Nemo dubitabat quin consul futurus esset fortis 
atque sapiens. 7. Timemus ut fugitivi locum salutis 
perventuri sint. 8. Quis dubitare poterat quin im- 
perator celeriter bellum con tectums esset? 9. Socii 
timent ut Romani auxilium missuri sint. 10. Nos non 
dubitamus quin vos quam plurimum contendetis. 



CLAUSES OK DOUBT AND FEAR 199 

433. i. There is no doubt but that the enemy are 
brave. 2. The general feared lest the bridge might be 
torn down. 3. The citizens did not doubt that the good 
king was wise. 4. We all fear that the ships will not 
reach the shore safely. 5. I feared lest the town was 
about to be taken. 6. There can be no doubt that the 
general will win the battle. 7. The spies had feared 
that they would be captured by the horsemen. 8. I did 
not doubt but that the city had been destroyed by him. 
9. Who has doubted that we were about to offer pardon 
to the captive? 10. The captives had feared that they 
would be put to death by order of the king. 

EXERCISES. 

434. 1. Nobis non dubium est quin ante noctem ad 
urbem perventuri simus. 2. Non dubium erat quin 
consilium senis esset optimum. 3. Nihil impedit quin 
iter celerrime facere possint. 4. Quis timet ut in quinque 
diebus urbem occupaturi simus. 5. Consules timuerant 
ne plebes contra nobilitatem se armaturi essent. 6. 
Nos non dubitamus quin haec omnia nobis magno 
usui futura sint. 7. Nemo dubitare poterat quin rex 
esset benignus atque clemens. 8. Dubito imperatorem 
Romam aditurum esse. 

435* r- There can be no doubt of his gaining a victory 
2. We are in fear lest we shall not reach a place of safety 
before night. 3. Who feared that the river would be 
too wide? 4. There was no doubt that the army could 
make the journey in nine days. 5. Why do you fear 
that the work will not be well done? 6. Do you doubt 
that the ships are strong and swift? 7. The ambassa- 
dors are afraid that the king will not receive them 
kindly. 8. Who can doubt but that all these things are 
useful for carrying on war? 



200 Cum: clauses 



436. CUM CLAUSES. 

TEMPORAL CLAUSES— cum (when) + Subjunctive. 

Cum id Caesaris nuntiatum esset, ab urbe profectus est. 

When this had been announced to Caesar, he set out from the 
city. 

CAUSAL CLAUSES— cum {because, since) + Subjunc- 
tive. 

Caesar finem pugnandi fecit, cum milites essent defessi. 
Caesar made an end of fighting because the soldiers were tired. 

CONCESSION CLAUSES— cum (although) + Subjunc- 
tive. 

Cum hostes fortiter pugnent, Caesar eos vincet. 
Although the enemy are fighting bravely, Caesar will conquer 
them. 

437. Rule of Syntax — Cum causal and cum concession 
clauses have the verb in the Subjunctive mood. 

438. Rule of Syntax — Cum temporal (time) clauses 
have the verb in the Subjunctive mood (Imperfect or 
Pluperfect tense) but in the Indicative mood (Present, 
Future, Perfect or Future Perfect). 

EXERCISES. 

439. 1. Cum Caesar de moribus Barbarorum quae- 
reret,multas res reperiebat. 2. Cum iter agminis nostri 
impediatur hie castra ponemus. 3. Cum Caesari non 
sint multi milites, cum hostibus proelium committet. 
4. Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, ad mag- 
num locum pervenit. 5. Cum in Italiam multi equites 
profecti sint, nos in Gallia remanebimus. 6. Cum 
primi hostium cecidissent, proximi ex eorum corporibus 
pugnabant. 7. Quae cum ita sint, Romam redibimus. 
8. Cum flentes pacem petiverimus, rex nobis veniam 
dare non vult. 9. Cum sua vitia animadvertit, ea 
corrigere conatur. 



Cum: CLAUSES 201 



440. 1. Since the ships are useless for sailing, we shall 
remain here. 2. Although we have few ships, we shall 
begin battle. 3. When the leader had returned, he 
encouraged the soldiers. 4. Since this man is wise, we 
shall make him consul. 5. When my father comes, he 
will give you the money. 6. Although the journey was 
long, we were not tired. 7. Because the children prefer 
to read, we have given them books. 8. Since you are 
my friend, I shall help you. 9. Although the enemy 
were fleeing, the cavalry did not pursue them. 

EXERCISES. 

441. 1. Cum dux hoc animadvertisset, naves mili- 
tibus compleri jussit. 2. Cum bellum sine causa intu- 
lissent, Caesar ab se obsides impetravit. 3. Cum multi 
milites a hostibus interfecti sint, in eos impetum se- 
cundum faciemus. 4. Cum vir haec fecerit, judex eum 
punivit. 5. Cum naves Britanniae appropinquarent, 
magna tempestas coorta est. 6. Cum acies instructa 
sit, nostri non proelium committent. 7. Cum impe- 
rator castra prope oppidum poneret, legati ad eum ve- 
nerunt. 8. Cum nos defendere non possimus, legatum 
ad regem mittemus. 9. Cum exploratores densiores 
silvas petiverint, non longius persequemur. 

442. 1. Since these things are §0, we shall go to the 
king. 2. Although we are tired, we shall make the 
journey with you. 3. When the ships arrived in the 
harbor, the merchants were there. 4. When you send 
me a letter, I shall ar ?wer. 5. Since the ships moved 
very swiftly, we soon arrived at port. 6. Although the 
judge is an old man, he is strong. 7. Because you have 
done this you will be punished. 8. When the army 
reached the river, the bridge had been destroyed. 



202 indirect questions; hortatory subjunctive 

443. INDIRECT QUESTIONS and HORTATORY 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Indirect Questions. — Subjunctive. 

Caesar ab eis quaesivit qui essent. 
Caesar asked them who they were. 

Indirect Double Questions are introduced by: 

utrum an; whether or 

— ne an; whether or 

utrum necne; whether or not. 

Hortatory. — Subjunctive present, first person, plural. 

Legatos ad Caesarem mittamus. 
Let us send ambassadors to Caesar. 
Jussive Subjunctive. — Present, third person sing, or plur. 

The negative particle (for Hortatory or Jussive Sub- 
junctive) is ne. 

EXERCISES. 

444. 1. Video quas in partes hostes iter faciant. 2. 
Cum militibus ad litora quam plurimum contendamus. 
3. A captivis quaerit quae civitates quantaeque in 
armis sint. 4. Ne flumen transeamus cum hostes 
nobis insidientur. 5. Mihi die utrum hi viri amici an 
inimici sint. 6. Mittamus ad socios auxilio tertiam 
legionem. 7. Dux non reperire poterat quanta esset 
insulae magnitudo. 8. Homo nobis dicat quis sit 
atque a quo loco veniat. 9. Consules videre non pote- 
rant naves utrum salvae necne essent. 10. Ne hostes 
videant quid faciamus. 



INDIRECT QUESTIONS; HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE 203 



445. i. Let us hasten into the territory of our ene- 
mies. 2. We do not know why the consul has left the 
city. 3. Let the guard place the spy in the new prison. 

4. The king soon found out who the conspirators were. 

5. Within two days the horseman will know whether or 
not his children are safe. 6. Tell us whether you will 
be an ally to us or an enemy. 7. Let us not try to cross 
the river in such a storm. 8. The king has been in- 
formed what the number of the enemy is. 9. I do not 
know who the man is nor whence he has come. 10. Let 
not these fugitives perish on account of hunger. 



EXERCISES. 

446. 1. Intellegimus quanto cum periculo id faciat. 

2. Hunc virum cum epistulis ad imperatorem mittamus. 

3. Ne speculatores videant quid in castris flat. 4. Hie 
vir cognoscit qui essent ad navium magnitudinem idonei 
portus. 5. Contendamus Romam quam maximis itine- 
ribus. 6. Caesar a legato quaesivit quam ob causam de 
eo tacuisset. 7. Ab hominibus quaesivi rex benignusne 
an crudelis sit. 8. Nuntius nobis dicat quid rex nos 
facere velit. 

447. 1 . I shall ask the commander how many soliders 
he has. 2. Let us march as rapidly as possible to the 
besieged city. 3. He does not know for what reason his 
father has called him. 4. Do not let him cross the lake 
during such a storm. 5. Who can tell us at what hour 
the king will come? 6. Let us all be brave and we shall 
capture the citadel'. 7. The farmer told us which was 
the shortest road to the town. 8. Let us not devastate 
the fields of the good townsmen. 



204 CONDITIONS 



448. CONDITIONS. 

CONDITIONS.— si {if) + Subjunctive. 

(a) Simple — (Present or Fut. Ind. in both clauses). 

(b) Less Vivid Future — (Pres. Subj. in both clauses). 

(c) Present Contrary to fact — (Imperf. Subj. in both 

clauses) . 

(d) Past Contrary to fact — (Pluperf. Subj. in both 

clauses). 

(a) Si transire conantur eos prohibebimus. 
If they try to cross we shall prevent them. 

(b) Si transire conentur eos prohibeamus. 

7/ they should try to cross we would prevent them. 

(c) Si transire conarentur eos prohiberemus. 

If they were trying to cross we would be preventing them. 

(d) Si transire conati essent eos prohibuissemus. 

If they had tried to cross we would have prevented them. 

EXERCISES. 

449. 1 . Auxilium vobis non mittere possimus si etiam 
velimus. 2. Si hie homo cibum habuisset nautae dedis- 
set. 3. Hostes pontem aedificabunt nisi fiumen latius 
est. 4. Si etiam oppida nostrorum sociorum oppug- 
netis, non timeamus. 5. Hos libros pulchros liberis 
dare possemus si ii adessent. 6. Ibo ad urbem nisi viri 
veniunt. 7. Si naves firmiores fuissent nautae fortes 
ad oras pervenissent. 8. Gladii novi acres essent nisi in 
pugna usi essent. 9. Hi milites cum imperatore ibunt si 
veniet. 10. Si equitatus flumen transiisset hostes in 
eum impetum fecissent, 



CONDITIONS 205 



450. 1. The army of the great general will make war 
upon the townsmen unless they furnish food. 2. If the 
Romans had ten legions, they could easily conquer the 
enemy in many battles. 3. Caesar would send another 
legion to aid us if we should need it. 4. I cannot send 
you aid unless I can find more soldiers. 5. We would 
be setting out for town if we had enough wagons. 6. 
If aid had come, the men would have been able to hold 
the town against the soldiers. 7. The gate of the town 
will be opened if the general comes. 8. If the horses 
were not tired, we could make longer journeys. 



EXERCISES. 

451. 1. Haec urbs nova incolas multas haberet si bona 
copia aquae esset. 2. Cibum et aquam nautae dem si 
ab me petat. 3. Magnus numerus virorum interfectus 
esset nisi imperator eis auxilio legionem misisset. 4. 
Mitte mihi puerum si tibi placet. 5. Dux victoriam 
reportaret si sui milites fortiores essent. 6. Naves 
videre non poteritis nisi nobiscum venitis. 7. Portae 
urbis claudentur si fugitivi pervenientur. 

452. 1. If we march six miles to-day, we shall arrive 
at Rome. 2. If the townsmen try to force their way 
into the house, I shall do them injury. 3. This mes- 
senger would have been captured had we not arrived. 
4. The army will remain in camp three days if the 
enemy do not come. 5. If the men do not obey the laws 
of the state they will suffer. 6. He would have sent a 
letter to his father, if he had had a messenger. 7. If the 
soldiers did their d\ity they would obey their com- 
mander 



206 wishes 



453 WISHES. 

WISHES. — utinam (would that) -f Subjunctive. 

(a) Simple — Utinam -f Pres. or Fut. Ind. 

(b) Less Vivid Future — Utinam + Pres. Subj . 

(c) Present Contrary to fact — Utinam + Imperf. Subj. 

(d) Past Contrary to fact — Utinam + Pluperf . Subj . 

(a) Utinam vir cibum habebit. 
Would that the man may have food. 

(b) Utinam vir cibum habeat. 

Would that the man might have food. 

(c) Utinam vir cibum haberet. 
Would that the man were having food. 

(d) Utinani vir cibum habuisset. 
Would that the man had had food. 

EXERCISES. 

454. 1. Utinam hie homo cibum habuisset! 2. Uti- 
nam naves nrmiores essent! 3. Utinam equitatus 
flumen transeant! 4. Utinam haec urbs nova incolas 
multas habebit! 5. Utinam dux victoriam reportet! 
6. Utinam naves videre possemus! 7. Utinam portae 
urbis non clauderentur! 8. Utinam cibum et aquam 
habebo! 

455. 1. Oh that I had had five legions! 2. Would 
that the enemy had been conquered! 3. Oh that the 
sick man may have water! 4. Would that I might send 
you aid! 5. O that the horses were not tired! 6. 
Would that we had remained in the town! 7. O that 
the messenger may not be captured! 8. Would that we 
were safe! 



LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS 207 



LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS. 

456. Translate into English : 

a Diem dicunt, qua die in unum locum conveniant. 

b Pace facta Ceasar exercitum suum reduxit. 

c Oppidum muro muniri iussit. 

d Vidit hunc locum ad pugnandum idoneum esse 

e Timebant ne Romani suos fines vastarent. 

457. Translate into Latin : 

a The soldiers were fighting with swords. 

b We must conquer the enemy. 

c The general went to lead the army into Gaul. 

d He says that he will come with all his forces. 

e They were men of great courage. 

458. Translate into English: 

Prima luce, cum summus mons a Labicno Icncrctur, et 
Caesar ab hostium castris non longius mille et quingentis 
passibus abesset, Considius ad eum accurrit et dicit 
montcm ab hostibus teneri. Caesar suas copias in 
proximum collem subducit aciemque instruit. 

Give the reason for the case of luce, Labieno, passibus, 
montem; for the mode of teneretur. 

459. Translate into English : 

Helvetii per Sequanorum fines iterfacereconstituerunt. 
Caesar autem in Italiam contendit et ibi duas novas 
legiones conscribit, et tres ab hibernis ducit. Cum iis 
copiis per Alpes in Galliam iter facit. 



208 LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS 

460 Translate into Latin : 

a Let us capture the camp. 

b Caesar orders the Gauls to send horsemen to him. 

c Your industry has been praised by your friends. 

d Have you the book that I gave you? 

e Caesar is about to go to Rome. 

461. Translate into English: 

Bello Helvetiorum confecto, principes Galliae ad Caesa- 
rem convenerunt, quod Germanos timcbant. Pro his 
Divitiacus locutus est: "Multi Germani in Gallia sunt, 
quibuseum saepe contendimus. Eorum superbiam sus- 
tinere non possumus. Ad te venimns ut auxilium 
petamus." 

Give the reason for the case of bello, Germanos, eorum; 
for the mode of sustinere, petamus. 

Conjugate confecto in the present indicative active, in 
the pluperfect subjunctive active; timebant in the future 
and the perfect indicative active. 

462. Translate into English: 

Cum celerrime ad fines eorum vents set, Remi, qui 
proximi Galliae sunt, ad eum legatos, primos civitatis, 
miserunt, qui dicer ent se in potestatem populi Romani 
permittere. Hoc ab his factum est. 

Give the reason for the care of eorum, Galliae; for the 
mode of venisset, dicer ent, permittere. 

463. Translate into Latin : 

a They called him the father of his country. 

b You had been conquered by the Romans. 

c The cities of Italy were very famous. 

d I can carry a letter to Hannibal. 

e Give me the large sword. 



LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS 209 



464. Translate into English: 

Postquam Caesar equitatum praemisit, secutus est 
omnibus copiis. Equites nostri flumen transierunt 
atque cum hostium equitatu proelium commiscruut. 
Reliqui hostes, qui in silvas fugerant, in nostros milites 
impetum jecerunt. 

Conjugate commiserunt in the pluperfect subjunctive 
active, in the future indicative passive; jecerunt in the 
imperfect subjunctive active, in the perfect indicative 
passive. 

465. Translate into English : 

Cum Dareus ad Atticam cum copiis accessisset, Atheni- 
enses nuntium Spartam miserunt ut auxilium peter cl. 
Postea Athenienses copias ex urbe eduxerunt castraque 
fecerunt. Secundo die sub monte acie instructa, proe- 
lium cum hostibus commiserunt. 

Give the reasons for the case of Spartam, die, acie; 
for the mode of accessissct, peter et. 

466. Translate into Latin : 

a The citizens were going home. 

b They were ordered to cross the river. 

c Let us fight bravely, my friends. 

d Did you tell that to the general? 

e We shall depart from the town. 



210 LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS 



467. Translate into English: 

Postquam omnes Belgarum copiae in unum locum 

venerunt, Caesar flumen, quod est in hostium finibus 

exercitum transduxit atque ibi castra posuit. In eo 

flumine pons erat. Ibi Caesar unam legionem et in 

altera parte fTuminis duas legiones reliquit. 

Conjugate venerunt in the imperfect indicative active, 

in the imperfect subjunctive active; posuit in the future 

indicative passive, in the pluperfect subjunctive passive. 

Decline in the singular ttnum locum, eo flumine, the 

masculine of quod. 

468. Translate into English: 

Equites nostri, ut eos subito adoriri possent, celeriter 
ad eum locum venerunt. Clamore ab ea parte audito 
pedites nostri magna virtute oppugnare coeperunt. 
Hostes, cum se superatos viderent, fuga salutem petive- 
runt. 

Give the reasons for the case of clamore, virtute, se; for 
the mode of possent, viderent. 

469. Translate into Latin : 

a We are about to depart from the state. 

b Let us go into the territories of the Helvetians. 

c Have you announced this thing to him? 

d They say that they will send ambassadors to Caesar. 

e We shall march through their province. 



LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS 211 

470. Translate into English : 

Hostes magnam classem contrahunt. Hos Conon 
adortus magno proelio fugat et multas naves capit. 
Qua victoria non solum Athenae, sed etiam omnis 
Graecia, quae sub imperio hostium fuerat, libcrata est. 

Conjugate capit in the future indicative active, in the 
perfect subjunctive passive; libcrata est in the future 
imperative active, in the present subjunctive passive. 

471. Translate into English: 

Erat inter Graecos, qui urbem Troiam obsidebant, 
Ulixes, vir summae virtutis ac prudentiae. Hie regnum 
insulae Ithacae obtinuerat et cum reliquis Graecis 
Troiam profectus erat. Troia tandem capta, domum 
redire maturavit. De hoc reditu Homerus, maximus 
poeta Graecorum, scripsit. 

472. Translate into Latin : 

a Two battles were fought by the Romans. 

b He sends a ship to capture the island. 

c We must destroy this city. 

d He will lead a large army into Italy. 

e Take the books that I have. 

473. Translate into English : 

Graeci, post excidium Troiae, in patriam revcrtunt. 
In his erat Ulysses. Multum ille errat, multas terras 
videt, multa maria transit. Post multos annos ad 
patriam venit, et adventus eius uxori et caro filio gratis- 
simus fuit. 

Write the principal parts of revcrtunt, videt, transit. 



212 LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS 

474. Translate into English : 

Hamilcar, postquam in Hispaniam venit, magna bella 
gessit; maximos fortissimosque populos subegit, et equis, 
armis, viris totam Africam locupletavit. Hie, nono 
anno postquam in Hispaniam venerat, in proelio pugnans 
occisus est. 

475. Translate into Latin : 
a Let us go to Rome. 

b He began to help his brother. 

c They will fight well because the leader is here. 

d He was with his father, a tall man. 

e I shall use your forces. 

476. Translate into English: 

Dum haec Romae geruntur, imperator cum eis militibus 
quos a Caesare acceperat, in fines Gallorum venit. His 
praeerat Viridovix ac imperium tenebat earum omnium 
civitatum quae eo tempore defecerant. -Ex his civitati- 
bus Viridovix exercitum magnasque copias coegerat. 

Decline, in the singular, imperium , omnium civitatum, 
exercitum, the feminine of haec. 

Conjugate acceperat in the future perfect indicative 
active, in the imperfect subjunctive passive; tenebat in 
the perfect indicative active, in the future indicative 
passive. 

477. Translate into English: 

Erant viae duae quibus imperator ex Asia cum suo 
exercitu domum redire posset. Earum viarum brevior 
erat per loca quae nemo incolebat propter aquae inopiam ; 
altera via erat multo longior sed per agros omnium 
rerum abundantes. 



LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS 2 Li 

478. Translate into Latin : 

a He says that he is a Roman general 
b He came to Rome to see the consul. 
c Because their towns were fortified, the enemv did 

not fear. 
d Let us go against the Gauls with our forces. 
e Have you the sword that you captured? 

479. Translated into English : 

Cum Xerxes in Europam maximis copiis transisset, 
Leonidas cum septem milibus hominum missus est, ut 
Thermopylas occuparct. Ii vim hostium sustinere non 
potuerunt et eo loco omnes interierunt. Post hoc 
proelium Xerxes Athenas venit atque urbem delevit. 

Give the reason for the case of hominum, vim, Athenas; 
for the mode of transisset, occuparet. 

480. Translate into English : 

a Erant itinera duo quibus domo exire possent. 

b Ubi ea dies venit, legati ad eum reverterunt. 

c Ipse cum suis copiis eos sequi coepit. 

d Vidit autem in magno periculo se esse. 

e In omnibus rebus animo magno fuit. 

481. Translate into Latin : 

a We hear that the camp is fortified. 
b He had lived for many years at Rome. 
c The horseman was wounded with a sword. 
d The mountain was so high that the army did not pro- 
ceed. 
e We must set out. 



214 LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS 



482. Translate into English : 

Proximo die Caesar e castris copias suas eduxit 
aciemque instruxit et hostibus potestatem pugnandi 
fecit. Cum Caesar exercitum in castra reduxisset, 
Ariovistus partem suarum copiaritm, quae castra minora 
oppugnaret, misit. 

Give the reason for the case of die, hostibus, copiaritm; 
for the mode of reduxisset, oppugnaret. 

483. Translate into English: 

Hostes Regulum ducem, quern ceperant, Romam 
miserunt, ut a senatu pacem obtineret. Ille, cum 
venisset, dixit se non iam esse civem Romanum, et 
senatui persuasit ne pacem faceret. Cum ad Africam 
rediit summa crudelitate interfectus est. 

484. Translate into Latin : 

a A thousand horsemen were killed in that war. 

. b When Agesilaus was leader the soldiers were glad. 

c He says that that there will not be a battle. 

d We must conquer them. 

e They are at Athens. 

485. Translate into English: 

Helvetii cum omnibus copiis e finibus suis exire et per 
provinciam nostram iter, facere constituerunt. Cum id 
Caesari nuntiatum esset, ab urbe profectus est, et magnis 
itineribus in Galliam contendit. Legati nobilissimi 
civitatis ad eum ab Helvetiis missi sunt. 

Give the reason for the case of Caesari, itineribus, 
civitatis; for the mode of exire, nuntiatum esset. 



QUESTIONS 

ON THE 

TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 



Note: The number in parentheses at the end of caeh question 
indicates the page on which the answer can be found, 
i. Name the eight parts of speech. (I) 

2. Define: — Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb. Adverb, Prepo- 
sition, Conjunction, Interjection. (I) 

3. What is the difference between a singular noun and a 
plural noun? (I) 

4. Mention four ways in which a noun may be used. (I) 

5. Name five classes of pronouns. (II) 

6. Give an English sentence containing an adjective. (II) 

7. Name the three degrees of comparison. (II) 

8. How are adjectives compared? (II) 

9. Mention and compare an adjective in English. (II) 

10. Name the four classes of verbs and define each class, (II) 

11. Why is a verb inflected? (Ill) 

12. Name the four moods. (Ill) 

13. Name the six tenses. (Ill) 

14. How does the active voice differ from the passive ? (IV) 

15. Mention the English pronouns of the 1st person, 2nd per- 
son and 3rd person. (IV) 

16. How are adverbs compared in English? (IV) 

17. Give an English sentence containing a preposition and a 
conjunction. (V) 

18. Define "phrase" and "clause." (V) 

19. Name the vowels and the diphthongs in Latin. (1) 

20. Give the definition of a diphthong. (1) 

2 1 . When is a vowel long ? (3) 
2 2 . When is a vowel short ? (3) 

23. How many syllables has a Latin word ? (4) 

215 



216 QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 

24. State three rules for dividing a Latin word into syllables. 
Illustrate. (4) 

25. What names are given to the last three syllables of a Latin 
word? (4) 

26. Can the ultima ever be accented? (4) 

27. State the rules for accenting a Latin word. (4) 

28. On which syllable is a Latin word accented if it has an 
enclitic? (4) 

29. State the five general rules of gender. (5) 

30. Name the six cases and state the use of each. (6) 

31. What is the difference between the stem and the base of a 
noun? (7) 

32. In what vowel does the stem of a First-Declension noun 
end? (7) 

33. Nouns of the First Declension are of what gender? (7) 

34. Give the case-endings for nouns of the First Declension. (7) 

35. In what case should you put the Subject? — the direct 
object? — the noun in the predicate? (7) 

36. How is possession expressed? (7) 

3 7 . How does an adjective agree with its noun ? (7) 

38. How does a verb agree with its subject? (7) 

39. Give the genitive singular and the dative plural of aqua, 
copia, filia, terra, via. (8) 

40. Give the dative singular and the genitive plural of esseda, 
porta, sagitta. (8) 

41. Give the feminine, ablative, singular and the accusative 
plural of the following adjectives : bona, multa, parva. (8) 

42. Decline the nouns in Art. 19. (8) 

43. Decline the adjectives in Art. 19. (8) 

44. Nouns of the Second Declension have their stem ending 
in what vowel? (12) 

45. Nouns of the Second Declension are of what gender? (12) 

46. State, with gender, the seven nouns of the Second Declen- 
sion which are not masculine. (12) 

47. Give the case-endings for nouns in us, second declension. 
(12) 

48. Give the case-endings for nouns in um, second declension. 
(12) 

49. Give the vocative singular of servus. (12) 

50. Give the genitive singular and the dative plural of 
amicus, oppidum, equus, filius, scutum. (13) 



QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 217 



51. Give the dative singular and the nominative plural <>i 
annus, signum, gladius, murus, telum. (13) 

52. Give the masculine and the neuter ablative singular and 
the accusative plural of the following adjectives: altus, longus, 
novus. (13) 

53. What is meant by the Dative of Service? (13) 

54. What is meant by the Ethical Dative? (13) 

55. State the gender of nouns in er of the second declension. 
(16) 

56. Give the case-endings of nouns in er. (16) 

57. State the difference in declension between puer and ager. 
(16) 

58. Give five nouns in er declined like puer and five declined 
like ager. (17) 

59. Give the genitive singular and the dative plural of the fol- 
lowing nouns: — gener, vesper, liber, socer, magister. (17) 

60. Give the dative singular and the genitive plural of the fol- 
lowing nouns: — vir, culter, minister, aquilifer, caper. (17) 

61. What is meant by an adjective of the first and second 
declension? (20) 

62. State the difference between the declension of bonus, 
miser, and niger. (20) 

63. Decline the following adjectives : — magnus, dexter, pul- 
cher, noster, liber. (20) 

64. Decline the masculine of multus, the feminine of asper, 
and the neuter of aeger. (20) 

65. Give, with meanings, five nouns of the first declension 
that are masculine in gender. (22) 

66. Give the Latin for the following expressions and decline 
each noun with its adjective (sing, and plur.): - owr poet, a good 
farmer, the rough sailor, your associate, the sick scribe. (22) 

67. Give the principal parts of the verb sum. (23) 

68. Give the synopsis of the verb sum in the second person, 
singular. (23) 

69. Give the synopsis of the verb sum in the third person, 
plural. (23) 

70. Give the synopsis of the verb sum in the third person 
singular. (23) 

71. Define and illustrate the Dative of the Possessor. (24) 

72. Tell what case must be \ised after each of the following 
prepositions: (28) 



218 QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 



I. 


per 


6. 


ante 


1 1. 


cum 


16. 


in 


2. 


e, ex 


7- 


ad 


I 2. 


trans 


i7- 


de 


3- 


sub 


8. 


contra 


!3- 


propter 


18. 


sine 


4- 


inter 


9- 


super 


14. 


post 


19. 


pro 


5- 


circum 


10. 


a, ab 


15- 


ultra 


20. 


apud 



73. Give the meaning of each of the above prepositions. (28) 

74. How many regular conjugations are there and how are 
they distinguished ? (40) 

7 5 . How many moods are there in Latin ? (40) 
76. Define "Gerund" and "Supine." (40) 
7 7 . How are participles used ? (40) 

78. What is the difference in meaning between the Perfect 
and the Imperfect tenses? (40) 

79. Name the four Principal Parts of a verb. (40) 

80. Why are the Principal Parts so called? (40) 

8 1 . What is meant by the Present-system and the Perfect- 
system of tenses? (41) 

82. How is Person represented in a Latin verb? (41) 

83. Give the active and the passive personal endings. (41) 
83a. State how each tense of a Latin verb is formed. (41) 

84. Why are verbs like amo called a verbs ? (42) 

85. Give the principal parts of amo. (42) 

86. Give the synopsis of the verb amo in the third person, 
singular, active. (42) 

87. Give the synopsis of the verb amo in the second person, 
plural, passive. (42) 

88. Give the synopsis of the verb amo in the third person, 
active and passive, Indicative. (42) 

89. Give the synopsis of the verb amo in the second person, 
singular and plural, active and passive, Subjunctive. (43) 

90. Give all the Imperatives of amo. (44) 

91. Give the Infinitives and the Participles of amo. (44) 

92. How is the gerund used? (44) 

93. Give the following rules of syntax and illustrate: 1. 
Agent with a passive verb. 2. Means or instrument. 3. 
Cause. 4. Accompaniment. (48) 

94. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the 
following verbs: cogito, creo, laboro, laudo, voco. (45) 

95. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of 
the following verbs : accelero, convoco, excito, probo, specto. (45) 



QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 219 



96. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of tin- 
following verbs: accuso, agito, conloco, enuntio, oppugno. (45) 

97. Give the meaning and the principal parts, of each of 
the following verbs: aedifico, celo, consulto, decerto, invito. (45) 

98. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the 
following verbs: crepo, do, juvo, seco, sto, veto. (45) 

99. Why are verbs like'moneo called e verbs? (54) 

100. Give the principal parts of moneo. (54) 

10 1. Give the synopsis of the verb moneo in the third person, 
singular, active. (54) 

102. Give the synopsis of the verb moneo in the second person , 
plural, passive. (54) 

103. Give the synopsis of the verb moneo in the third person, 
plural, active and passive, Indicative. (54) 

104. Give the synopsis of the verb moneo in the second person, 
singular and plural, active and passive, Subjunctive. (55) 

105. Give all the Imperatives of moneo. (56) 

106. Give the Infinitives and the Participles of moneo. (56) 

107. How is the Gerund used? (56) 

108. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the 
following verbs: coerceo, debeo, exerceo, habeo, moneo. (57) 

109. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the 
following verbs: prohibeo, taceo, terreo, augeo, commoveo. (57) 

no. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the 
following verbs: deleo, detineo, dissuadeo, doceo, faveo. (57) 

in. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the 
following verbs: fleo, jubeo, maneo, obsideo, obtineo. (57) 

112. Give the list of verbs that take the dative case. (62) 

113. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the 
following verbs :persuadeo,placeo,possideo,praebeo,provideo. (57) 

114. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the 
following verbs: remaneo, removeo, teneo, timeo, video. (57) 

115. Do all nouns of the Third Declension have the nomina- 
tive case ending in the same letter? (68) 

116. State the Rules of Gender for nouns of the Third Declen- 
sion. (68) 

117. Give the case-endings for masculine and feminine nouns 
of the thii-d declension. (68) 

118. Give the case-endings for neuter nouns of the third 
declension, (68) 



220 QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 



119. Into what three classes are nouns of the third declension 
divided? (69) 

120. What is meant by an i-stem? Illustrate. (69) 

121. What is meant by a mixed stem? Illustrate. (69) 

122. What is meant by a consonant stem? Illustrate. (69) 

123. How may the stem of a third-declension noun be found? 

(69) 

124. What nouns are i-stems? (69) 

125. What nouns are mixed stems? (69.) 

126. What nouns are consonant stems? (69) 

127. State the peculiarities in the declension of an i-stem. (69) 

128. State the peculiarities in the declension of a mixed 
stem. (69) 

129. State the peculiarities in the declension of a consonant 
stem. (69) 

130. How do you account for there being three classes of nouns 
in the third declension? (69) 

131. Give the genitive form for nouns whose nominative ends 
in:— as, us, ax, o, do, ns, en, es, os, ux, go, rs, ur, 1, or, s, is, ut, ex, 
ox, e, ar, er. State the gender of each noun. (70) 

132. Give the genitive case of: — nubes, miles, animal, calcar, 
sermo, virgo, laus, lapis, mos, multitudo, obses, pes, corpus, 
hostis, dux, latus, judex, nomen, mare, pons, aries, pulvis, 
sacerdos, jus, caput, virtus, fax, vox, cohors, hiems, agger, fur, 
auctor. (70) 

133. Decline bos, caro, frux, grex, homo. (71) 

134. Decline lex, nemo, nox, rex, vis. (71) 

135. Decline conjunx, cor, iter, nex, robur. (71) 

136. Decline sanguis, ver, custos, os, senex. (71) 

137. Decline aes, harpago, ebur, glans, heros. (71) 

138. Decline Apollo, Ceres, Juppiter, September, Tros. (71) 

139. Decline venter, femur, frons, ligo, mel. (71) 

140. Decline Minos, pater, remex, praedo. (71) 

141. Decline aestas, nubes, aries, miles. (72) 

142. Decline pes, hostis, pulvis, lapis. (72) 

143. State the rules of syntax for: (1) Dative of Service. (2) 
Manner. (3) Time when. (4) Place where. (72) 

144. State the rules of syntax for: (1) Special verbs which 
take the dative. (2) Agent. (3) Means or instrument. (72) 

145. Decline five nouns out of each group in Art. 141 . (j^) 

146. Decline mos, sacerdos, latus, corpus. (76) 



QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK J21 



147. Decline laus, virtus, jus, caput. (76) 

148. State the rules of syntax for: (1) Dative of the Possessor. 
(2) Ethical Dative. (3) Accompaniment. (76*1 

149. Decline five nouns out of each group in Art.. 150. (77) 

150. Decline dux, rex, judex, sermo. (80) 

151. Decline legio, multitudo, virgo, nomen. (80) 

152. State the rules of syntax for: (1) Indirect object. (2) 
Special verbs taking the dative case. (3) Accompaniment. (4) 
Time, when or within which. (80) 

153. Decline five nouns out of each group in Art. 15Q. (81) 

154. Decline orator, Conors, hiems, mare. (84) 

155. Decline calcar, consul, pater, mulier. (84) 

155a. State the rules of syntax for: (1) Dative of Service. (2) 
Agent. (3) Place where. (84) 

156. Decline five nouns out of each group in Art. 168. (85) 

157. What is meant by an adjective of three terminations; of 
two terminations; of one termination? Give an example of each. 
(90) 

158. Decline acer. (90) 

159. Decline levis. (90) 

160. Decline audax. (90) 

161. Is acer an i-stem? (90) 

162. Is levis an i-stem? (90) 

163. Is audax an i-stem? (90) 

164. Decline five adjectives out of each group in Art. 184. (91) 

165. Why are verbs like rego called 6 verbs? (94) 

166. Give the Principal Parts of rego. (94) 

167. Give the synopsis of the verb rego in the third person, 
singular number, active voice. (94) 

168. Give the synopsis of the verb rego in the second person, 
plural number, passive voice. (94) 

169. Give the synopsis of the verb rego in the third person, 
plural number, active and passive voices, Indicative mood. (94) 

170. Give the synopsis of the verb rego in the second person, 
singular and plural numbers, active and passive voices, 
Subjunctive mood. (95) 

171. Give all the Imperatives of rego. (96) 

172. Give the Infinitive and the Participles of rego. (96) 

173. How is the Gerund used? (96) 

174. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the 
following verbs: ago, cognosco, defendo, peto, tego. (97) 



222 QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 

175. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the 
following verbs: dico, mitto, cado, ostendo, scribo. (97) 

176. Give the rule of syntax for Cause. (100) 

177. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the 
following verbs: dedo, duco, gero, pono, vinco. (97) 

178. Give the meaning and the principal parts of the following 
verbs: cingo, deligo, perdo, rego, traho. (97) 

179. Give the rule of syntax for Separation. (103) 

180. Give the meaning and the principal parts of the following 
verbs: caedo, educo, quaero, relinquo,verto. (97) 

181. Give the meaning and the principal parts of the following 
verbs: ciaudo, constituo, credo, parco, vivo. (97) 

182. Give the list of verbs that take the dative case. (103) 

183. Give the rule of syntax for Manner. (104) 

184. Give the rule of syntax for Extent of Time or Space. (105) 

185. Why are verbs like audio called I verbs? (106) 

186. Give the Principal Parts of audio. (106) 

187. Give the synopsis of the verb audio in the third person, 
singular number, active voice. (106) 

188. Give the synopsis of the verb audio in the second person, 
plural number, passive voice. (106) 

189. Give the synopsis of the verb audio in the third person, 
plural number, active and passive voices, Indicative Mood. (106) 

190. Give the synopsis of the verb audio in the second person, 
singular and plural numbers, active and passive voices, Sub- 
junctive mood. (107) 

191. Give all the Imperatives of the verb audio. (108) 

192. Give the Infinitives and the Participles of the verb 
audio. (108) 

193. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the 
following verbs: aperio, convenio, impedio, munio, venio. (109) 

194. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the 
following verbs: audio, expedio, pervenio, servio, vincio. (109) 

195. State the rule of syntax for Domus, Rus and names of 
towns. (112) 

196. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the 
following verbs: consentio, custodio, e venio, invenio, sub venio. 
(109) 

197. State the rule of syntax for Compound Verbs. (113, 

198. In what vowel does the stem of a noun of the fourth 
declension end? (116) 



QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 22o 



[99. Nouns of the fourth declension are of what gender.' (116) 

200. State ten nouns of the fourth declension that are feminine 
in gender. (116) 

201. Give the case endings for masculine nouns of the fourth 
declension. (116) 

202. Give the case endings of neuter nouns of the fourth 
declension. (116) 

203. Which nouns of the fourth declension have ubus in the 
dative and the ablative plural? (116) 

204. Decline senatus, cornu, domus. (116) 

205. Decline each of the following nouns: adventus, genu, exer- 
citus, veru, metus. (117) 

206. In what vowel does the stem of a noun of the fifth 
declension end ? (118) 

207. State the gender of nouns of the fifth declension. (118) 

208. Give the case endings for nouns of the fifth declension. 
118) 

209. Decline acies, dies, res, spes, res publica. (118) 

210. Why are verbs like capio called io verbs of the third 
conjugation? (120) 

211. Give the Principal Parts of capio. (120) 

212. Give the synopsis of the verb capio in the third person, 
singular number, active voice. (120) 

213. Give the synopsis of the verb capio in the second person, 
plural number, passive voice. (120) 

214. Give the synopsis of the verb capio in the third person, 
plural number, active and passive voices. Indicative mood. (120) 

215. Give the synopsis of the verb capio in the second person . 
singular and plural numbers, active and passive voices, Sub- 
junctive mood. (121) 

216. Give all the Imperatives of capio. (122) 

217. Give the Infinitives and the Participles of capio. (122) 

218. How is the Gerund used? (122) 

219. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the 
following verbs: accipio, cupio, facio, fugio, recipio. (123) 

220. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the 
following verbs: proficio, interficio, diripio, conficio, eripio. (123) 

221. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the 
following verbs: patefacio, perficio, efficio, conspicio, suscipio. 
(123) 



224 QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 

222. State the rule of syntax for a Predicate Accusative. (126) 

223. State the rule of syntax for Compound Verbs. (127) 

224. Decline nullus, unus, totus, alius, solus. (132) 

225. Decline neuter, uter, alter, uterque, neuterque. (132) 

226. How may an adjective be compared? Illustrate. (134) 

227. How is the comparative of an adjective formed? (134) 

228. How is the superative of an adjective formed? (134) 

229. When does an adjective add issimus to form the superla- 
tive and when rimus. (134) 

230. Name the six adjectives which form their superlative in 
limus. (134) 

231. Compare the following adjectives: bonus, malus, magnus, 
multus, parvus, vetus. (134) 

232. How are the superlative forms of adjectives declined? 

(i35) 

233. How are the comparative forms of adjectives declined? 

(i35) 

234. Decline durior. (135) 

235. Decline plus. (135) 

236. Compare the following adjectives: gratus, piger, fidelis, 
firmus, diligens. (135) 

238. State the rules of syntax for (1) Adjectives of fitness, (2) 
Comparison, (3) Degree of difference. (136) 

239. How are adverbs formed from adjectives? (137) 

240. Form an adverb from each of the following adjectives: 
Justus, liber, pulcher, levis, sapiens. (137) 

241. Name seven adverbs which end in o. (137) 

242. Mention three adverbs ending in um and two ending in e. 

(i37) 

243. Mention four adverbs ending in iter. (137) 

244. How are adverbs compared? (138) 

245. How is the comparative of an adverb formed? (138) 

246. Name and decline each of the personal pronouns. (140) 

247. What is used in Latin for the third person in English? 
(140) 

248. -Translate, with me; with us; with himself; with thee; with 
you. (140) 

249. Verbs of remembering and for getting take what case ? (141) 

250. Name the possessive adjective pronouns. (142) 

251. Give the Latin for his; her; its; their (m.) ; their (f.). (14 2) 



QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 225 

252. State the rule of syntax for the agreement of adjectives 
with nouns. (142) 

253. What is the difference between the use of sui and ejus 3 
(i44) 

254. Name and decline the intensive pronoun. (144) 

254a. What is the difference in use between sui and ipse ? ( 144) 

255. Decline hie. (144) 

256. Name the four demonstrative pronouns. (146) 

257. Decline iste ; ille ; is ; idem. (146) 

258. Explain the distinction between hie; ille; iste; is. (146) 

259. Adjectives of fitness take what case? (147) 

260. Decline the relative pronoun qui. (148) 

261. State the rule of syntax for the relative pronoun. (148) 

262. Decline the interrogative pronoun quis. (148) 

263. Decline the interrogative adjective qui. (148) 

264. Mention five indefinite pronouns and give their meanings. 

(149) 

265. What is meant by a Deponent Verb? (150) 

266. Give the synopsis of hortor in the third person, singular 
number. (150) 

267. Give the synopsis of tueor in the first person, plural 
number. (150) 

268. Give the synopsis of loquor in the third person, plural 
number. (150) 

269. Give the synopsis of potior in the first person, singular 
number. (150) 

270. Give the meaning and the Principal Parts of each of the 
following verbs: arbitror, polliceor, proficiscor, utor, adorior, 
sequor. (150) 

271. What is meant by a Semi-Deponent Verb? (152) 

272. Give the synopsis of the verb gaudeo in the third person, 
singular number. (152) 

273. Give the meaning and the Principal Parts of each of the 
following verbs: audeo, gaudeo, soleo, fido, confido. (152) 

274. Give the rule of syntax for Deponent Verbs. (152) 

275. State the difference in the use of the cardinals and the 
ordinals. (154) 

276. Count in Latin from one to twenty-two. (154) 

277. Decline duo; tres. (155) 

278. Decline milia. (155) 



226 QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 

279. State the rule of syntax for (1) Partitive Genitive, (2) 
Extent of space. (156) 

280. Give the Principal Parts of the verb fero. (159) 

281. Give the synopsis of the verb fero in the third person, 
singular number. (159) 

282. Give all the Infinitives and the Imperatives of the verb 
fero. (159) 

283. Give the meaning and the Principal Parts of each of the 
following verbs: aufero, confero, differo, infero, tollo. (162) 

284. Give the list of compound verbs that take the dative 
case. (162) 

285. Give the Principal Parts of the verb eo. (164) 

286. Give the synopsis of verb eo in the first person, plural 
number. (164) 

287. Give the synopsis of the verb eo in the third person, 
plural number. (164) 

288. Give the Principal Parts of the verb fio. (164) 

289. Give the synopsis of the verb fio in the first person, 
singular number. (164) 

290. Give the Infinitives and the Participles of the verb fio. 
(164) 

291. Fio is used as the passive of what Latin verb? (164) 

292. Give the meaning and the Principal Parts of each of the 
following verbs, abeo, intereo, obeo, praetereo, transeo. (167) 

293. State jour uses of the Infinitive mood. (168) 

294. What is meant by Indirect Discourse? (168) 

295 . State the rules governing the use of the Infinitive in Indi- 
rect Discourse. (168) 

296. State the rule of syntax for the subject of an infinitive. 
(168) 

297. Give the meaning and the Principal Parts of each of the 
following verbs: volo, nolo, malo. (170) 

298. Give the synopsis of the verb volo in third person, sin- 
gular number. (170) 

299. Give the synopsis of the verb nolo in the third person, 
plural number. (170) 

300. Give the synopsis of the verb malo in the first person, 
plural number. (170) 

301. Give the present Indicative of volo. (170) 

302. Give the meaning and the Principal Parts of each of the 
following verbs: possum, prosum. (174-175) 



QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 227 



303. Give the synopsis of the verb possum in the third person 
singular number. (174) 

304. Give the synopsis of the verb prosum in the third person, 
plural number. (175) 

305. Give the meaning and the Principal Parts of each of the 
following verbs: obsum, desum, praesum, adsum, supersum. (1 78) 

306. Compounds of sum take what case? (178) 

307. State the rule of syntax for the compounds of sum. (1 78) 

308. How may Participles be used? (180) 

309. Decline amans. (180) 

310. How do we decline perfect and future participles? (180) 

311. What is meant by the Ablative Absolute? Illustrate. (182) 

312. State the various uses of the Ablative Absolute. (183) 

313. What is the difference between the Gerund and the 
Gerundive? (184) 

314. How is the Gerund declined? (184) 

315. What is meant by the Periphrastic Conjugations? (186) 

316. How many are there? (186) 

317. What does the Active Periphrastic Conjugation express? 
(187) 

318. State the rule of syntax for Agent with the gerundive. (187) 

319. What is meant by an Impersonal verb? (188) 

320. State the rule of syntax for Impersonal Verbs. (188) 

321. What is a Supine? (192) 

322. State the rule of syntax for the Supine in um. (192) 

323. State the rule of syntax for the Supine in u. (192) 

324. What is meant by Sequence of Tenses? (193) 

325. Name the primary and the secondary tenses of the Indica- 
tive. (193) 

326. Mention the primary and the secondary tenses of the 
Subjunctive. (193) 

327. Mention the eleven chief uses of the Subjunctive Mood. 

(194) 

328. How is Purpose expressed? (196) 

329. How is Result expressed? (196) 

330. How is the Subjunctive Mood used after verbs of doubt 
'or of fear? ( 1 98) 

331. How is the Subjunctive Mood used in clauses of time, 
'cause, and concession. (200) 

332. What mood is used in Indirect Questions? (202) 
33 V V What is meant b.y the Hortmtory Subjunctive? (*©2) 



228 QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 

334. Mention the four kinds of Conditions and state how each 
kind is expressed in Latin. (204) 

335. Mention the four kinds of Wishes and state how each 
kind is expressed in Latin. (206) 



VOCABULARIES. 



229 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



a active. 

abl ablative. 

ace accusative 

adj adjective. 

adv adverb. 

C (common) 



comp., J 

> comparative 
compar., \ 

conj conjunction. 

dat dative. 

def defective. 

dep. ... . . .deponent. 

Eng English. 

esp., espec. .especially. 

F., fern . . . .feminine. 

gen genitive. 

impers .... impersonal. 

indeel indeclinable. 

indef indefinite. 

interr., ) 




interrog., ) 



mtens intensive. 

irr irregular. 

loc locative. 

M.,masc. . .masculine. 

neg negative. 

n neuter (intransitive) 

num numeral. 

p.p perfect participle. 

pass passive. 

pers person (al). 

pi., plur . . . plural. 

poss possessive. 

prep preposition. 

pres. part. . present participle. 

pron pronoun. 

reflex reflexive. 

rel relative. 

sing singular. 

sup., superl.sM/><?r/a£M/!f 

v verb. 

w wz7/z. 

i First Conjugation. 

2 Second 

3 Third 

4 Fourth 

230 



interrogative 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



a or ab 

a, see ab. 

ab (a, abs), prep, with abl., 

away from, by (agent). 
abduco, abducere, abduxi, ab- 

ductum, [ab-duco], 3. v. a., 

to lead away, to carry away. 
abeo, abire, abii, abitum, [ab- 

eo]. irr. v. n., to go away, to 
depart. 
abies, -etis, F., fir-tree. 
ablatus, -a, -una, p. p. of au- 

fero. 
abstuli, see aufero. 
absum, abesse, afui, [ab-sum] 

irr. v. n., to be away, to be 

absent, to be distant. 
abundans, -antis, adj., (pres. 

part, of abundo), abundant, 

abounding in. 
ac; see atque. 
accelero, -are, -avi, -atum, 

[ad-celero], 1. v. a. and n., to 

hasten. 
accido, accidere, accidi, no p. 

p., [ad-cado], 3. v. n.. to jail 

upon, to happen. 
accipio, accipere, accepT. ae- 

ceptum, [ad-capio], 3. v. a., 

to receive, to accept, to wel- 
come. 
accurro, accurrere, accurrl, no 

p.p., [ad-curro], 3. v. n., to 

run up to. 



adflicto 

accuso, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad- 

causo], 1 \ . a., to accuse, to 

blame. 
acer, acris, acre, adj., sharp, 

keen, eager. 
acerbus, -a, -um, [aeer], adj., 

bitter, cruel. 
acerrime; superl. of acriter. 
acies, -ei, F., line oj battle. 
acriter [acri + ter], adv., 

sharply, keenly, eagerly. 
acus, -us, F., needle. 
ad, prep, with ace., (motion) 

to, toward, against; (purpose) 

jor. 
adduco, adducere, adduxl, ad- 

ductum, [ad-d\ico], 3 v. a.- 

to lead to, to bring, to induce. 
adeo, adire, adii, (-ivi), ad- 

itum, [ad-eo], irr. v. a. and 

n., to go to, to approach. 
adeo, adv., so, so much so. 
adequito, -are, -avi, no p. p., 

[ad-equito], 1. v. a. and n., to 

ride tip (to) . 
adfero, adferre, attuli, alla- 

tum, [ad-fero], irr. v. a., to 

bring to, to report. 
adflgo, adfigere, affix!, afflxum, 

[ad-ngo], 3. v. a., to jasten to. 
adflicto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad- 
flicto], 1. v. a., to dash against, 

to overwhelm. 



231 



adfui 



232 



altus 



adfui ; see adsum. 

adhuc, adv., hitherto, up to this 
time. 

adjungo, adjungere, adjunxi, 
adjunctum, [ad-jungo], 3. 
v. a., to join to, to unite with. 

admiror, -ari, -atus, [ad-miror], 
1. v. dep., to wonder at, to ad- 
mire. 

adorior, adorirl, adortus, [ad- 
orior], 4. v. dep., to attack. 

adscisco, adsciscere, ascivi, as- 
citum, [ad-scisco], 3. v. a., to 
attach. 

adsuefacid, -facere, -feci, -fac- 
tum, [adsue-f acioj , 3. v. a., 
to accustom, to train. 

adsum, adesse, adfui, (adfu- 
turus), [ad-sum], irr. v. n., 
to be present. 

adulfcscens, -entis, M., youth, 
young man. 

adventus, -us, M., arrival, ap- 
proach. 

adversum, prep, with ace, 
towards. 

adversus, prep, with ace, 
against, towards. 

aedSs, aedis, F., building; plur. 
house. 

aedificium, -1, N., a building. 

aedificS, -are, -avi, -atum., 
[aedes - facio], 1. v. a., to 
build. 

aeger, aegra, aegrum, adj., 
sick. 

Aegyptius, -a, -um, adj., Egyp- 
tian. 

Aeolius, -a, -um, adj., belong- 
ing to Aeolus (god of the 
winds) . 



aer, aeris, M., the air, 

aes, aeris, N., copper; hence, 

money. 
aestas, -atis, F., summer. 
aetas, -atis, F., age. 
Afer, Afra, Afrum, adj., Afri- 
can. 
aful, afuisse, afuturus; see 

absum. 
ager, agri, M., field, land, coun- 
try. 
agger, aggeris, M., mound, 

rampart. 
agito, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a., 

to rouse, to trouble, to disturb. 
agmen, agminis, N., line of 

march (of an army) . 
ag6, agere, egi, actum, 3. v. a., 

to drive, to treat, to discuss. 
agricola, -ae, M., farmer. 
agricultura, -ae, F., agricidture. 
alacer, alacris, alacre, adj., 

active, eager, spirited. 
alacritas, -atis, F., eagerness, 

readiness, promptness . 
albus, alba, album, adj., white. 
alcSs, alcis, F., the elk. 
ALcibiadSs, -is, Alcibiades, a 

Greek, 
aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, indef. 

pron., some (one), any (one). 
aliter, adv., otherwise. 
alius, alia, aliud, adj. pron., 

another, one. . . .another. 
allatus, -a, -um, p. p. of adfero. 
alo, alere, alui, altum, 3. v. a., 

to nourish, to support. 
Alp€s, Alpium, F. plur., the 

Alps (mountains). 
altitudo, -inis, F., height, depth. 
altus, -a, -um, adj., high, deep 



alter 



233 



Anovistus 



alter, altera, allcrum, adj. 

pron., the other (of two), the 

one . . . . the other. 
alvus, -I, F., the belly. 

ambo, ambae, ambo, num. 
adj., both. 

ambulS, -are, -avi, atum. i.v. 
n., to walk, to take a walk. 

amicitia, -ae, F., friendship. 

amicus, -a, -um, adj., friendly. 

amicus, -T, M., friend. 

amittd, amitterc, amisi, amis- 
sum, 3. v. a., to let pass, to 
lose. 

amnis, amnis, M., river. 

amo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a,, 
to love. 

amor, amoris, F., love, affec- 
tion. 

amplius, neut. comp. of am- 
plus used as a noun, more. 

an, conj. introducing the sec- 
ond member of a double 
question, or, or rather. 

Ancus, -i, M., Ancus, fourth 
king of Rome. 

angustus, -a, -um, adj., nar- 
row, confined. 

anima, -ae, F., breath, soul. 

animadverto, -vertere, -verti, 
-versum, 3. v. a., to turn the 
mind to. to notice. 

animal, -alis, N., an animal. 

animus, -1, M., mind, spirit. 

annus, -I, M., a year. 

anser, anseris, M., a goose. 

ante, prep, with ace, before (of 
place or time) . 

ante a, adv. (of time), before. 

anteeo, -ire, ii. — , to go before, 
to surpass. 



antefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum 
[ante-fero], irr. v. a., to 
place before, to prefer. 

antelatus, -a. -um. p. p. of 
antefero. 

antetuli; see antefero. 

antiquus, -a, -um. adj., old, 
ancient. 

anus, -us. F., an old woman 

aperio, aperire, aperul, aper- 
tum. [ab-pario], 4. v. a., to 
uncover, to expose. 

Apoll6, -inis, M., Apollo, a god 
of the Romans. 

apparet, apparere, apparuit. 
2.v. impers., it is (was) evi- 
dent. 

appropinquo, -are. -avi, no 
p. p. [ad-propinquo] 1. v. n., 
to come near to, to approach. 

apud, prep, with ace, at, 
among. 

aqua, aquae, F., water. 

aquilifer, -eri, M.. a standard- 
bearer. 

Aquitania, -ae, F., Aquitania . a 
part of Gaul. 

arbiter, -trl, M., an arbitrator. 
a judge. 

arbitror, -an. -atus. t.v. a. and 
n., to think, to suppose. 

arbor, arboris, F.. tree. 

ardor, -oris. M., heat, enthu- 
siasm. 

argentum, -I. X.. silver, money. 

aridus, -a. -um, adj., dry, arid. 

aries, arietis, M., a ram, a bat- 
tering-ram. 

Ariovistus, -T, M., Ariovistus, a 
German leader. 



anna 



234 



bos 



arma, arm drum, N., plur., 
arms (for war) . 

armd, -are, -avi, atum, i. v. a., 
to arm (for war) . 

aro, arare, aravi, aratum, i. 
v. a., to plough. 

Arruns, -untis, M., Arruns, an 
Etruscan name. 

arrogantia, -ae, F., insolence. 

ars, artis, F., skill, art. 

artus, -us, M., a joint. 

Arvernus, -a, -um, adj., of the 
Arvemi. a Gallic tribe. 

Arverni, -orum, M., plur., The 
Arvemi. 

arx, arcis, F., fortress, citadel. 

Asia, -ae, F., Asia. 

asper, aspera, asperum, adj., 
rough, harsh. 

Athenae, -arum, F., Athens. 

Atheniensis, -is, M., an Athe- 
nian. 

at que, conj., aytd. and also. 

atrdx, atrocis, adj., savage, 
cruel, fierce. 

Attica, -ae, F., Attica, a part of 
Greece. 

attuli; see adfero. 

auctor, -oris, M., adviser, au- 
thor, originator. 

auctoritas, -atis, F., influence, 
authority. 

audacia, -ae, F., boldness, dar- 
ing. 

audacter, adv., boldly, fear- 
lessly. 

audax, audacis, adj., bold, 
daring. 

audeo, audere, ausus, 2. v. a. 
and n., semi-dep., to dare. 



audio, audire, audivi, auditum, 

4. v. a., to hear, to hear of. 
aufero, auferre, abstuli, abla- 

tum, irr. v. a., to bear off, to 

carry away. 
augeo, augere, auxi, auctum, 

2. v. a., to increase. 
Auster, -tri, M., South- wind. 
aut, conj., or, either. . . .or. 
autem, conj., but, however. 
auxilium, -1, N., assistance , aid. 
avis, avis, ¥., a bird. 
avus, avi, M., a grandfather. 



barbarus, -a, -um, adj., foreign. 

Barbari, -orum, M. plur., Bar- 
barians. 

Belgae, -arum, M. plur., Bel- 
gae, a tribe in northern Gaul. 

Belgium, -1, N., Belgium, the 
country of the Belgae. 

bello, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. n., 
to make war. 

bellum, -I, N., war. 

bene, adv., well. 

beneficium, -I, N., a kindness, 
benefit. 

benignus, -a, -um, adj., kind, 
good. 

biduum, -1, N., two days' time. 

biennium, -1, N., two years' time. 

bis, adv., twice. 

Blthynia, -ae, F., Bithynia, a 
district of Asia Minor. 

bonitas, -atis, F., goodness. 

bonus, -a, -um, adj., good; neut. 
as noun, plur., goods, prop- 
erty. 

bos, bovis, C, cow, ox; plur., 
cattle. 



bracchium 



OOf- 



certus 



bracchium, -l, N., arm (of the 

body). 
brevis, -e, adj., short, brief. 
brevitas, -atis, F., shortness. 

brevity. 
breviter, adv., briefly. 
Britannia, -ae, F., Britain. 
Brutus, -T. M., Brutus, a 

Roman lieutenant. 



C, for centum, hundred. 
cacumen, -inis, N., top (of 

trees, mountains, etc.). 
cadaver, -eris, N., corpse. 
cado, cadere, cecidi, casum, 3. 

v. n., to fall. 
caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind. 
caedes, -is, F., massacre, 

slaughter. 
caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum, 

3. v. a., to strike, to slay. 
caelum, -i, N., sky, heavens. 
Caesar, -aris, M., Caesar, a 

Roman general. 
calamitas, -atis, F., disaster, 

calamity. 
calcar, -aris, N., spur. 
calo, -onis, M., a camp-fol- 
lower (a servant). 
campester, -tris, -tre, adj., of 

the plain, level. 
cantus, -us, M., singing, song. 
caper, -pri, M., goat. 
capio, capere, cepi, captum, 3. 

v. a., to take, to capture, to 

seise. 
captivus, -a, -um, adj., captive. 
captivus, -i, M., a captive. 
captus, -a, -um, p. p. of capio 
caput, -itis, N., head. 



career, -en's, M., prison. 

caro, carnis, F., flesh, meat. 

carrus, -i, ML, wagon, chariot 
(not war). 

carus, -a, -um, adj., dear. 
precious. 

castrum, -T, N., fortress. 

castra, -Orum, N., [plur. of cas- 
trum], camp. 

casus, -us, M., accident, mis- 
fortune. 

Carthago, -inis, F., Carthage, a 
town in Africa. 

causa, -ae, F., cause, reaso>i, 
abl. of causa with a genitive 
—/or the sake of. 

cautes, -is, F., rock (sharp or 
jagged) . 

cecidi, see cado. 

cecidi, see caedo. 

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, 3. 
v. n., to give way, to yield. 

celeber, -bris, -bre, adj., re- 
nowned, celebrated. 

celer, -eris, -ere, adj., swift, 
quick. 

celeritas, -atis, F., swiftness, 
speed. 

celeriter, adv., quickly, swiftly. 

celo, -are, -avi, -atum, i.v. a.. 
to conceal, to hide. 

centum, indecl. num. adj., a 
hundred. 

centurio, -onis, M., centurion, a 
Roman officer in command 
of a hundred men. 

Ceres, -eris, F., Ceres, goddess 
of the cereals. 

certamen, -inis. X., struggle, 
conlest. 

certus, -a, -um, adj., certain. 



certiorem 



236 



comes 



[certidrem facere, (to make . . . 
more certain), to inform]. 

Chabrias, -ae, M., Chabrias, an 
Athenian general. 

cibus, I, M., food. 

Cicero, -onis, M., Cicero, (Mar- 
cus Tullius) the great orator. 

cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctum, 
3. v. a., to surround. 

cinis, -eris, M., ashes. 

circa, prep, with ace., about. 

circiter, prep, with ace, about, 
not far from. 

circum, prep, with ace, about, 
around. 

circumeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [cir- 
cum -eo] irr. v. n. (a.), to go 
around. 

cis, adv. and prep, with ace, 
this side of. 

cito, adv., quickly. 

citra, adv. and prep, with ace, 
this side of. 

civis, -is, C, citizen. 

civitas, -atis, F., state, citizen- 
ship. 

cladSs, -is, F., destruction, de- 
feat. 

clam, adv., secretly. 

clamor, -oris, M., shout, outcry. 

clams, -a, -urn, adj., bright, 
clear, famous. 

classis, -is, F., a fleet. 

claudd, claudere, clausi, clau- 
sum, 3. v. a., to close, to shut. 

clgmens, -entis, adj., gentle, 
merciful. 

clfcmentia, -ae, F., kindness, 
gentleness. 

cliSns, -entis, C, a dependent, 
vassal. 



cloaca, -ae, F., artificial canal, 
sewer, drain. 

coed, coire, coivi, no p. p., [con- 
eo], irr. v. n., to come together, 
to unite. 

coepi, coepisse, coeptum, def. 
v. a., began, undertook. 

coerceo, -ercere, -ercui, -erci- 
tum, [con-arceo], 2. v. a., to 
confine, to keep in check. 

cogito, -are, -avi, -atum, [con- 
agito], 1. v. a., to consider, to 
think over, to plan. 

edgnitus; see c6gn5sco. 

c6gn6sc6, -gnoscere, -gnovi, 
-gnitum, [con-(g)nosco], 3. 
v. a., to learn, to find out. 

cog6, cogere, coggi, co actum, 
[con- ago], 3. v. a., to bring 
together, to collect, to compel. 

cohibeS, -ere, -ul, -itum, 2. v. a., 
to contain, to check. 

cohors, -hortis, F., a cohort, a 
tenth part of a legion. 

cohortor, -ari, -atus, [con- 
hortor]. 1. v. dep., to encour- 
age, to rally. 

colle'ga, -ae, M., associate, col- 
league. 

collatus, -a, -um, p. p. of con- 
fers. 

colligS, -ligere, -legi, -lectum 
[con-lego], 3. v. a., to collect. 

collis, -is, M., hill. 

col6nia, -ae, F., colony. 

color, -oris, M., color. 

colus, -I (-us), F., distaff. 

combur6, -urere, -ussi, ustum, 
[con-buro], 3. v. a., to burn 
up, to consume. 

comes, -itis, C, companion. 



cominus 



237 



Considius 



cominus, adv., hand to hand. 

commeatus, -us, M., supplies, 
provisions . 

committo, -mittcrc, -misi, mis- 
sum, [con-mitto], 3. v. a., to 
join, to engage in. 

commStus, -a, -um, p. p. of 
commoveo. 

commoveo, -movere, -movl, 
-motum., [con-moveo], 2. v. 
a., to move, to agitate, to stir 
up. 

communis, -e, adj., common, in 
common. 

comparo, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[con-paro], 1 v. a., to prepare, 
to get together. 

comperio, -perire, -peri, -per- 
tum, [con-pario], 4. v. a., to 
find out, to discover, to ascer- 
tain. 

compleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletum 
[con-pleo], 2. v. a., to fill up. 

compos, -otis, adj., controlling. 

conatum, -I, N., attempt. 

conatus, -us, M., attempt, effort. 

conditio, -onis, F., condition. 
terms. 

conferd, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, 
[con-fero], irr. v. a., to bring 
together, to gather. 

conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectuni, 
[con-facio], 3. v. a., io accom- 
plish, to finish, to write up. 

confido, -fiderc, -fisus, [con- 
fido], 3. v. 11., scmi-dep., to 
trust, to trust fully. 

confirmo, -are, -avi. -atum, 
[con-firmo], 1. v. a., to 
strengthen, to encourage, to 
declare. 



confiteor, -fit€ri, -fessus, [con- 
fateor], 2. v. dep., to confess, 
to acknowledge. 

conicio, -icere, -jeel, -jectum, 

[con-jacio], 3. v. a., to throw 

together, to hurl, to cast. 
conjungo, -jungere, -junxi, 

-jiinctum. [con-jungo], 3. v. 

a., to join together, to fasten 

together, to unite. 
conjunx, -ju^is, C. a spouse. 

Esp., F., a wife, 
conjuratio, -onis. F., conspir- 
acy, confederacy. 
conjiiratus, -a. -urn, []). p. "I 

conjuro], -Masc. as noun, a 

conspirator. 
conloco, -arc, -avi, -alum. 

[con-loco,] i.v. a.. /<> place. 

to station, to pitch (camp). 
conloquium, -I, X., conference, 

interview. 
Conon, -onis, Conon, a Greek. 
conor, -ari, -atus, [con -f- onus], 

i. v. dep.. to attempt, to try. 
conscribo, -scribere. -scrips!, 

-scriptum, [con-scriho], 3. v. 

a., to write down, to enroll, to 

enlist. 
consensus, -us, M., agreement, 

consent. 
consentio, -sentire, -sCmis!. -sen- 
sum [con-scntio], 4. v. n.. to 

agree, io conspire. 
consequor, -sequi, -secutus, 

[con-scquor], 3. v. dep., to 

follow, to secure, io overtake. 
cdnsessus, -us, M., assembly. 

gathering. 
Considius, -I, M., Considius, a 

Roman soldier. 



consido 



238 



eras 



consido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum, 
[con-sedeo] 3. v. n., to sit 
down, to halt, to encamp. 

consilium, -1, N., deliberation, 
plan. 

conspectus, -us, M., sight. 

conspicio, -spicere, -spexl, 
-spectum, [con-sped o], 3. 
v. a., to catch sight of, to espy. 

consplratio, -onis, F., conspir- 
acy, agreement. 

constat, constare, constitit, 1. 
v. impers., it is evident. 

constituo, -stituere, -stitui, 
-stitutum, [con-statuo], 3. 
v. a. and n., to set up, to 
establish, to determine. 

consuetudo, -inis, F., habit, 
custom. 

consul, -ulis, M., consul (a title 
of the chief magistrate of 
Rome) . 

consulatus, -us, M., consulship. 

consulto, -are, avi, -atum, 
[con-sulto], 1. v. n., to con- 
sult. 

contemno, -ere, -tempsi, temp- 
tum, [con-temno], 3. v. a., 
to despise. 

contendo, -tendere, -tendi, 
-tentum, [con-tendo], 3. v. 
n., to strive, to attempt, to 
hasten, to fight. 

contentio, -onis, F., struggle, 
dispute. 

contentus, -a, -um, adj., con- 
tent, satisfied. 

contineo, -tinerc, -tinul, -ten- 
tum, [con-tineo], 2. v. a., to 
■hold together , to restrain, 



contingit, contingere, contigit, 
[con-tango], 3. v. a. and n. 
impers. it happens. 

contra, prep. with ace., 
against, contrary to. 

contraho, -trahere , - 1 r a x 1 , 
-tractum [con-traho], 3. v. 
a., to drag together, to narrow 
down. 

controversift, -ae, F., quarrel, 
controversy. 

contull, see confero. 

contumelia, -ae, F., insult, out- 
rage. 

convenio, -venire, -rem, -ven- 
tum, [con-venio], 4. v. a. and 
n., to come together, to assem- 
ble, to agree. 

conventus, -us, M., assembly, 
meeting. 

convoco, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[con-vocoj, 1. v. a., to call to- 
gether, to summon. 

coorior, -oriri, -ortus, [con- 
orior], 3. v. dep., to arise. 

copia, -ae, F., supply, abund- 
ance. Plur. forces (soldiers) . 

cor, cordis, N., heart. 

coram, adv. and prep, with 
abl., in the presence of. 

Cornelia, -ae, F., Cornelia. 

cornti, -Us, N., horn, wing (of 
an army) . 

corpus, -oris, N., body. 

corrigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectum, 
[cum-rego], 3. v. a., to cor- 
rect, to improve. 

cortex, -icis, M. , bark (of a tree) 

cotidie, adv., daily. 

eras, adv,-. to-morrow, 



Crass us 



239 



dedo 



Crassus, I, M., Crassus, consul 

with Pompey, B.C. 55. 
crates, -is, P., hurdle. 
creator, -oris, M., creator. 
creber, -bra, -brum, adj., thick, 

close. 
crebrd, adv., frequently. 
credo, credere, credidi, cre- 

ditum, 3. v. a. and n., /(> 

trust, to believe, to suppose. 
credulitas, -atis, F., belief , trust. 
creo, creare, creavi, creatum, 

1. v. a., to create. 
crepo, creparc, crepui, cre- 

pituin, 1. v. n., to sound, to 

crack, to crash. 
crimen, -inis, N., fault, crime. 
crudglis, -e, adj., cruel. 
crudelitas, -atis, F., cruelty. 
crudeliter, adv., cruelly. 
crureque, (eras, leg; que, and). 
criis, cruris, N., leg. 
cucumis, -eris, M., a cucumber. 
cui, dat. of qui or quis. 
cujus, gen. of qui or quis. 
culmen, -inis, N., top, summit. 
culpa, -ae, F., blame. 
culter, -tri, M., knife. 
cum, prep, with abl., with. 
cum, conj., when, while, since, 

because, although. 
cunctor, -ari, -atus, 1. v. dep., 

to hesitate, to delay. 
cupiditas, -atis, F., desire, 

longing, eagerness. 
cupidus, -a, -um, adj., desirous, 

longing (for) , eager. 
cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum. 

3 (and 4), v. a. and n., to 

desire, to be eager (for). 
cur, adv., why (rel. and interr.) 



cura, -ae, F., care, attention, 

euro, -are, -avl, -atuin, 1. v. a. 
and n., to take care, to pro- 
vide for. 

cursus, -us, M., <i running, a 
course. 

custodio, -ire, -IvT, -itum, 4. v. 
a., to guard. 

custds, -odis, C, guard. 

Cyprus, -I, P., Cyprus, an 
island. 

D 

D, joo. 

Dareus, -T, M., Darius, king of 

Persia. 
de, prep, with abl., from, con- 
cerning, about (time), 
debeo, debere, debuT, debittim, 

2. v. a., to owe, ought, must. 
decedo, decedere, decessi. d€- 

ecssum, [dc-cedo], 3. v. n., 

to withdraw, to retire. 
decern, indccl. num. adj., ten. 
decerno, decernere, decrevi, 

decretum, [de-cerno], 3. v. a. 

and n., to decide, to deter m inc. 
decerto, -are, avi, atum, [de- 

ccrto], 1. v. a. and n., to 

contend, to fight. 
decet, decere, decuit, 2. v., 

impers., it is fitting. 
decimus, -a, -um, adj., tenth. 
decus, decoris, N., honor, glory. 
dedecet, dedecere, dedecuit, 

2. v., impers. ,it is becoming, 

i. e. (proper). 
deditio, -onis, F., surrender. 
dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditum 

[de-do], 3. v. a., to give over, 

to surrender. 



deduco 



240 



die 



deduco, deducere, deduxi, de- 

ductum [de-duco], 3. v. a., 

to lead away, to withdraw, 

to induce. 
defendo, defendere, defend!, 

defensum [de-fendoj, 3. v. a. 

to ward off, to defend, to 

protect. 
defensor, -oris, M., defender. 
defero, deferre, detuli, dela- 

tum [de-fero], irr. v. a., to 

carry away, to report. 
defessus, -a, -um, adj., tired. 
defacio, -ficere, -feci -fectum, 

[de -facio], 3. v. a. and n. , to 

fail, to revolt, to abandon. 
definio, -ire, -Ivi, itum [de- 

finioj, 4. v. a., to limit, to fix. 
defui/ see desum. 
deicio, deicere, dejeci, dejec-. 

turn [de-jacio], 3. v. a., to 

cast down, to drive out, to 

overturn. 
deinde, adv., then, next. 
delatus, -a, -um, p. p. of 

dgfero. 
dele6, delere, delevi, deletum, 

2. v. a., to wipe out, to 

destroy. 
delibero, -are, -avi, -atum [de- 

libero], 1. v. a. and n., to 

discuss, to deliberate. 
deligo, deligere, delegl, delec- 

tum [de-lego], 3. v. a., to 

choose out, to select. 
deligo, -are, -avi, -atum [de- 
ligo], 1. v. a., to tie down, to 

moor. 
demitto, demittere, demisi, de- 

missum [de-mitto], 3. v. a., 

to let down, to be discouraged. 



denique, adv., at last, finally. 
dens, dentis, M., tooth. 
densus, -a, -um, adj., thick, 

crowded, dense. 
depono, deponere, deposu, -de- 

positum [de-pono], 3. v. a., 

to lay aside, to abandon. 
deprecor, -ari, -atus, [de-pre- 

cor], 1. v. dep., to beg, to 

beseech. 
desertor, -oris, M., deserter. 
desidero, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. 

v. a., to desire, to long for. 
desilio, desilire, desilui, desul- 

tum [de-salio], 4. v. n., to 

leap down, to jump over- 
board, to dismount. 
desisto, desistere, dgstiti, de- 

stitum [de-sisto], 3. v. n.,to 

cease, to desist from. 
despicio, despicere, despexi, 

despectum [de-specio], 3. 

v. a., and n., to look down 

upon, to despise. 
dSstind, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. 

v. a., to fasten, to appoint, 

to choose. 
desum, deesse, defui [de- 

futurus], [de-sum], irr. v. 

n., (to be away), to be lack- 
ing. 
dStineo, detinere, detinui, de- 

tentum, [de-teneo], 2. v. a., 

to detain, to delay. 
dStulI, see defero. 
dSturbatus, -a, -um; [p. p. of 

deturbo], adj., disturbed. 
deus, -i, M., a god. 
dexter, dextera, dexterum, 

adj., right (hand). 
die, imperative of dico. 



die 6 



241 



duco 



dico, dicere, dixl, dictum, 3. v. 
a. and n. to say, to speak, to 
tell. 

dictio, dictiouis. F., a speaking, 
a pleading. 

dies, diei, M., day. 

differo, diffcrrc, distuli, dila- 
tum, [dis-fero], irr. v. a. and 
n., to separate, to postpone, to 
differ. 

difficilis, -e, adj., not easy, diffi- 
cult. 

difficulties, -atis, F., difficidty. 

difficulter, adv., with difficidty. 

digitus, -T, M., finger. 

dignitas, -atis, F., worthiness, 
dignity. 

dignus, -a. -um, adj., worthy. 

dilatus, -a, -um, p. p. of differo. 

dlligens, -entis, adj., diligent, 
careful. 

diligenter, adv., diligently, care- 
fully. 

diligentia, -ae, F., diligence, 
care. 

dimitto, dimittere, dimisi, dl- 
missum. [dis-mitto], 3. v. a., 
to let pass, to abandon, to lose. 

diripio, dfripei'e, diripui, direp- 
tum, [dis-rapio], 3. v. a., to 
plunder, to pillage. 

discedo, discedere, discessi, dis- 
cessum, [dis-cedo], 3. v. n., 
to depart. 

discrimen, -inis, N., crisis, 
danger. 

dissimilis, -e, adj., unlike, dis- 
similar. 

dissuaded, dissuadere, dissua- 
si, dissuasum, [dis-suadeo], 
2. v. a., to dissuade. 



distuli, sec differo. 
diu, adv., for some time. 
dives, divitis, adj.. rich. 
Divitiacus, -T, M., Divitiacus, a 

Gallic leader. 

do, dare, dedl, datum. 1. v. a . 
to give, to allow, to grant. 

doceo, docere. docul. doctum, 
2. v. a., to teach, to inform. 

dolor, doloris, M., pain, dis- 
tress, grief. 

dolus, -I, M., deceit, treachery. 

domicilium, -I. N., house, dwell- 
ing place. 

dominor, dominari, dominatus, 
1. v. dep., to rule, to be mas- 
ter. 

dominus, -I, M., master, owner. 

domus, us, F., house, home. 
doml, at home. 
domum homeward. 
domo. from home. 

donee, adv., until, so long as, 
while. 

dono, don are, donavi, dona- 
tion, 1. v. a., to present, to 
give. 

ddnum, -I, N., gift. 

dos, dotis, F., marriage-gift, 
dowry. 

dubitatio, -onis, P., doubt, hes- 
itation. 

dubito, -are. -avi, -atum, 1. v. 
n.. to doubt, to hesitate. 

dubius, -a, -vim, adj., doubtful: 
est elubium. it is doubtful. 

ducenti, -ac, -a. adj., two hun- 
dred. 

duco, ducere, d-uxi, ductum. 3. 
v. a., to lead, to bring, to 
reckon, to consider. 



duo 



242 



excedo 



duo, duae, duo, num. adj., two. 

duodecim, indecl. num. adj., 
twelve. 

duplies, -are, -avi, -atum, i. 
v. a., to double, to duplicate. 

durus, -a, um, adj., hard, 
severe, difficult. 

dux, ducis, C, leader, com- 
mander. 

E 

e, see ex. 

earn; see is. 

ebur, -oris, N., ivory. 

edo, edere, edidl, editum, [ex- 
do], 3. v. a., to put forth. 

educo, educere, eduxi, educt- 
um, [ex-duco], 3. v. a., to 
lead out, to lead forth. 

effero, efferre, extull, elatum, 
[ex-fero], irr. v. a... to carry 
out, to bring out, to elate. 

efficio, efficere, effeci, effectum, 
[ex-facio], 3. v. a., to accom- 
plish, to produce. 

effugid, effugere. effugl, effu- 
gitum, [ex-fugio], 3. v. a., to 
escape, to flee. 

egestas, -atis, F., poverty, need. 

ego, mei, pers. pron., I. 

egredior, egredl, egressus, [ex- 
gradior], 3. v. dep, to march 
out, to disembark. 

egregius, -a, -um, adj., remark- 
able, excellent. 

eicio, eicere, ejeci, ejectum, 
[ex-jacio], 3. v. a., to cast out, 
to drive out. 

ejus, see is. 

elatus, -a, -um, p. p. of effero. 

elephantus, -I M., elephant. 



enim, adv., really, for (reason). 

enuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex- 
nuntio], i- v. a., to report, to 
announce. 

eo, Ire, Ivi (ii), itum, irr. v. n., 
to go, to march. 

eo, adv., thither, to that place. 

eo, see is. 

eorum, earum, eorum; see is. 

epistula, -ae, F., letter, message. 

eques, equitis, M., horseman, 
rider. 

equester, -tris, -tre, adj., cav- 
alry (belonging to). 

equitatus, -us, M., cavalry. 

equus, -i, M., horse. 

erga, prep, with ace., towards. 

eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptum, 
[ex-rapio], 3. v. a., to snatch 
away, to deprive, to rescue. 

erro, errare, erravl, erratum, 
1. v. n., to wander, to err, to 
be mistaken. 

eruptio, -onis, F., a sally, a 
sortie. 

esseda, essedae, F., war chariot. 

et, conj., and; et. . . .et, both 
.... and. 

etiam, conj., also, even. 

Europa, de, F., Europe. 

evenio, e venire, evenl, even- 
turn, [ex-venio], 4. v. n., 
to come ovit, to happen. 

eventus, eventus, M., result, 
success. 

ex (e), prep, with abl.., out of. — 
also; in, on, from. 

ex usu, to the advantage of. 

excedo, excedere, excessl, ex- 
cessum, [ex-cedo], 3. v. n., 
to go out, to withdraw. 



excidium 



243 



felicitas 



excidium, T, N., overthrow, 

destruction. 
excipio, excipere, excepi, ex- 

ceptum, [ex-capio], 3. v. a., 

to take up, to receive. 
excit&, -are, -avT, -atum, [ex- 

cito], 1. v. a., to call out, to 

rouse, to kindle. 
excliido, excludere, exclusi, 

cxclusum, [ex-claudo], 3. 

v. a., to shut out, to prevent. 
exeo, cxirc, exfvi (exii), exi- 

tum, [ex-eo], irr. v.. n., to go 

forth, to march out. 
exerced, exercere, exercui, ex- 

ercittim, [ex-arceo], 2. v. a., 

to drive off, to train, to exer- 
cise. 
exercitus, -us, M., army. 
exhaurio, exhaurire, exhausi, 

exhaustum, [ex-haurio], 4. 

v. a., to drain off, to exhaust. 
exiguus, -a, -um, adj., narrow, 

scanty. 
existimo, -are, -avi, -atum, 

[ex-aestimo], r. v. a. and n., 

to suppose, to think, to judge. 
exitus, -us, M., exit, passage, 

outcome, result. 
exortus, -a, -um, p. p. of 

exorior. 
expedio, -ire, -ivi, -Itum, 4. v. a. 

and n., to disentangle, to set 

free. 
expello, expellere, expuli, ex- 

pulsum, [ex-pello], 3. v. a., 

to drive out, to dispel. 
experior, experiri, expertus, 

[ex-perior], 4. v. dep., to 

experience, to try. 
explorator, -oris, M., scout. 



expugno, -arc, -a\T, -atum, 
[ex-pugno], 1 . v. a., to take 
[by storm], to capture. 

exspecto, -arc, -avT, -alum, 
[ex-specto], 1 . v. a. and u., 
to look out for, to wait for, 
to expect. 

exsul, exsulis, C, exile. 

extra, prep, with ace, out- 
side of. 

extuli, sec effero. 



faber, -bri, M., mechanic, car- 
penter. 

facile, adv., easily. 

facilis, -e, adj., easy. 

facinus, -oris, N., deed, crime. 

facio, facere, feci, factum, irr. 
v. a. and n., to make, to d t >, 
to act. 

f actio, -onis, F., a party, a 
faction. 

factum, I, N., a deed, a fact. 

facultas, -atis, F., ease, chance, 
opportunity. 

falsus, -a, -um, [p. p. of fallo]; 
adj., false. 

falx, falcis, F., sickle, hook. 

fama, -ae, F., speech, reputa- 
tion, rumor. 

fames, famis, F., hunger. 

familia, -ae, F., a household. 

fatum, fati, N., fate. 

faveo, favere, favi, fautum, 2. v. 
n., to favor, to be favorable to. 

fax, facis, F., torch, fire-brand. 

felicissime, adv., superl. de- 
gree, very successfully. 

fellcitas, -atis, F.. good-fortune, 
success. 



feliciter 



244 



/s 



fugo 



feliciter, adv., fortunately, suc- 
cessfully. 
felix, felicis, adj., fruitful, 

fortunate, successful. 
femina, -ae, F., woman, female. 
femur, -oris, N., thigh. 
fere, adv., almost. 
fero, ferre, tulT, latum, irr. a. 

and n., to bear, to carry, to 

endure. 
ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild, 

ferocious.- 
fidelis, -e, adj., faithful. 
fides, fidei, F., promise, pledge. 
fido, fidere, fisus, 3. v. n., to 

trust. 
filia, -ae, F., daughter. 
filius, -I, M., son. 
fines, finis, M., limit, end. — 

Plur., boundaries, country. 
finio, finire, finivi, [-ii], fini- 

tum, 4. v. a., to set bounds 

to, to limit. 
finitimus, -a, -um, adj., neigh- 
boring, adjacent. — Plur., as 

noun, neighbors. 
fid, fieri, f actus, 3. v. n., to 

be-come, to be made. 
firmiter, adv., firmly, steadily. 
firmo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a. 

to strengthen, to fortify. 
firmus, -a, -um, adj., strong, 

steady. 
flamen, -inis, N., gale, breeze. 
flamma, -ae, F., flame, fire. 
fleo, rlere, flevi, rletum, 2. v. a. 

and n., to weep. 
flos, floris, M., flower. 
f lumen, -inis, N., river. 
fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum, 3. 

v. n., to flow. 



foedus, foederis, N., treaty, 
league. 

fons, fontis, N., fountain, 
spring. 

formosus, -a. -um, adj., beauti- 
ful, lovely. 

fors, fortis, F., chance. 

fortis,-e. adj., brave , courageous . 

fortiter, adv., bravely. 

fortitudo, -inis, F., bravery. 

fortuna, -ae, F., fortune, suc- 
cess. 

fortunatus, -a, -um, adj., for- 
tunate, prosperous. 

forum, -1, N., market-place, 
forum. 

fossa, -ae, F., ditch, trench. 

frangS, f r anger e, fregi, fr ac- 
tum, 3. v. a., to break, to 
wreck. 

frater, fratris, M., brother. 

fraus, fraudis, F., deceit, treach- 
ery, fraud. 

frigidus, -a, -um, adj., cold. 

frigus, -oris, N., cold. 

fronddsus, -a, -um, adj., leafy. 

frons, frontis, F., brow, face. 

frtimentum, -1, N., grain. 

fruor, frui, fructus, 3. v. dep., 
to enjoy. 

frux, friigis, F., fruit. — Plur., 
crops. 

fuga } -ae, F., flight. 

fugid, fugere, fugi, fugitum, 3. 
v. a. and n., to flee, to run 
away. 

fugitivus, -a, -um, adj., fugi- 
tive. — As noun, a fugitive. 

fugo, fug are, fug avi, fug atum, 
1. v. a., to put to flight, to 
rout. 



ftimd 



245 



Helvfitius 



fum6, fumare. fumavi, fuma- 
tura, i . v. n., to smoke. 

fungor, fungi, functus, 3. v. 
dcp., to perform, to discharge. 

funis, funis, M.. rope. 

funus, funeris, N.. death, f it ti- 
er al. 

fur, furis, C, thief. 

furor, furoris, M . , madness, fury. 

futurus, see sum. 



Gallia, -ae, F., Gaul, including 
all the country now occupied 
by Belgium, France, and 
northern Italy. 

Gallicus, -a, -urn, adj., Gallic, 
of the Gauls. 

Gallus, -a. -um, adj., Gallic, of 
Gaul. — As noun, a Gaul. 

Garumna, -ae M,., Garumna, a 
river of S. W. Gaul, now the 
Garonne^ 

GarumnI, -orum, M., plur., the 
Garumni, a Gallic tribe. 

gaude6, gaudere. gavlsus, 2. 
v. n., semi-dep., to rejoice, to 
be delighted. 

gener, generi, M., son-in-law . 

gfcns, gentis, F., family, tribe. 

genii, genus, N., knee. 

genus, generis, N., race, ttibe. 

Germania, -ae, F., Germany. 

Germanus, -a, -um, adj., Ger- 
man. — As noun, a German. 

gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, 3. v. 
a., to carry 011, to wage (war). 

gestus, -a, -um, p. p. of gero. 

gladiator, -6ris, M., gladiator. 

gladius, -I, M., sword. 

glans, glandis, F., acorn, nut. 



glOria, -ae, P., fame, glory. 

gracilis, -e, adj., slender, grace- 
ful. 

Graecia, -ae, F., Greece. 

Graecus, -a. -um, adj.. (7 reek. — 
As noun, a Greek. 

grandis, -e, adj., large, of great 
size. 

gratia, gratiae. F., gratitude, 
thanks. 

gratulor, -an, -atus, 1. v. dep., 
to congratulate. 

gratus, -a, -um, adj.. pleasing. 

gravis, -e, adj., heavy, serious. 

gravitas, -atis, F.. weight, im- 
portance, power. 

graviter, adv., heavily, severely. 

grex, gregis, M.. flock, herd. 

H 

habed, habere, habui, habitum, 
2. v. a. and n., to have, to 
hold, to possess. 

habitd, -are, -avi, -atum, i.v.a., 
to inhabit. 

Haeduus, -a, -um, adj.. of the 
Haeduans. — As noun, the 
Haeduans, a Gallic tribe. 

Hamilcar, -aris, M., Hamilcar. 
a Carthaginian. 

Hannibal, -alis, M.. Hannibal, 
a Carthaginian general. 

Hanno, -6nis. M., Hanno. a 
general of the Carthaginians. 

harpag6, -Snis, M.. hook, grap- 
pling-iron. 

Helveticus, -a, -um. adj.. Hel- 
vetian. 

Helvetius, -a, -um, adj., of tin- 
Helvetians. — As noun, the 
Helvetians. 



heri 



^o 



246 



impetro 



heri, adv., yesterday. 

Henna, -ae, M., Hermes, a 

carved head on a pedestal. 
heros, -ois, M., a hero. 
hibernus, -a, -urn, adj., of 

winter, winter. — Neut. plur., 

winter -quarters . 
hie, adv., here. 
hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., 

this, these, {he, she, it, they). 
hiems, hiemis, F., Winter. 
Hispania, -ae, F., Spain. 
Homerus, -I, M., Homer, a 

Greek poet. 
homS, hominis, C, human 

being, man. 
honestus, -a, -urn, adj., re- 
spected, honorable. 
honor, honSris, M., respect, 

honor. 
honSrificus, -a, -urn, adj., 

honorable. 
h6ra, -ae, F., hour. 
Horatius, -I, M., Horatius, 

Horace. 
horribilis, -e, adj., frightful, 

dreadful. 
hortor, hortari, hortatus, i. v. 

dep., to encourage, to urge on. 
hospes, hospitis, M., host, 

guest. 
hostis, hostis, C, (stranger), 

enemy. 
humanitas, -atis, F., humanity, 

civilization. 
humaniter, adv., humanely. 
humanus, -a, -urn, adj., civil- 
ized, refined. 
humilis, -e, adj., low, shallow, 

humble. 



humilitas, -atis, F., lowness, 

shallowness , humility. 
humus, -I, F., ground, earth. 



I, for unus, etc., one. 

ibi, adv., there. 

ico, icere, ici, ictum, 3. v. a., 
to strike, to hit. 

idem, eadem, idem, dem. adj. 
pron., the same. 

iddneus, -a, -um, adj., suitable. 

Idus, -uum, F., plur., the Ides, 
[15th. day of March, May, 
July, October; 13th. day of 
the other months]. 

Ignis, -is, M., fire. 

Ign6r6,-are,-avi, -atum, i.v.a., 
to fail to notice, not to know. 

Ignotus, -a, -um, adj., un- 
known, strange. 

illatus, -a, -um, p. p. of infero. 

ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron., that 
(yonder) . 

imber, imbris, M., rain-storm. 

immanis, -e, adj., huge, enor- 
mous. 

impedimentum, -i, N., hin- 
drance, baggage. 

impediS, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, 4. v. 
a.., to entangle, to hinder. 

imperator, -oris, M., com- 
mander, general. 

imperium, -1, N., power, rule, 
authority. 

imperd, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. 
a. to demand. 

impetr6,-are, -avi, -atum, 1. 
v. a., to accomplish, to obtain, 
to succeed in. 



impetus 



247 



interea 



impetus, -us, M., a rush, an 

attack. 
improbus, -a, -um, adj., wicked. 
impune, adv., with impunity. 
in, prep, with ace. to, into, 

upon, for, against. With abl. 

in, on. 
incertus, -a, -urn, adj., uncer- 
tain. 
incipid, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, 

3. v. a. and n., to begin, to 

undertake. 
incola, -ae, C, inhabitant. 
incolo, -colere, -colui, no p. p. 

[in-colo], 3. v. a. and n., to 

inhabit, to dwell. 
incolumis, -e, adj., unharmed , 

safe. 
indicium, -1, N., information. 
indico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum, 

[in-dico], 3. v. a., to order, to 

appoint. 
indulgentia, -ae, F., indul- 
gence, favor. 
indutiae, -arum, F., plur., 

truce. 
ineo, -ire, -ivi (ii), -itum, [in- 

eo], irr. v. a., to go into, to 

enter upon. 
infans, -antis, C, infant, child. 
Infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, 

[in-fero], irr. v. a., to bring in, 

to put upon, bellum inf., to 

wage war upon. 
Inndelis, -e, adj., unfaithful. 
Inflrmus, -a, -um, adj., weak, 

feeble. 
infra, adv., below, farther down. 

— Also, prep, with ace. 
Infuf , see insum. 



ing&ns, -entis, adj., huge, enor- 
mous. 
ingredior, gredi, gressus, [in- 

gradior], 3. v. dep , to march 

in, to enter. 

inimicus, -I, M., enemy (per- 
sonal). 

inlquus, -a, -um, adj., uneven, 
unjust, unfair. 

initium, -I. N.. a beghuiing. 

injuria, -ae, F., injustice, 
wrong. 

innocens, -entis, adj., harm- 
less, innocent. 

innocentia, -ae, F., innocence. 

inopia, -ae, F., scarcity, want. 

inscifcns, -entis, adj., not know- 
ing, unaivare. 

insidiae, -arum, F., Plur., am- 
bush, plot. 

insidior, -arl, -atus, r. v. dep. 
to lie in wait (for), to plot 
against. 

Insignis, -e, adj., memorable, 
marked. 

instruS, -struere, -struxi, 
-structum, 3. v. a., to build, 
to draw up, to array. 

insula, -ae. F., island. 

insum, inesse, infui, [in-sum], 
irr. v. n.. to be in, to be there. 

intellego, -legere, -lexi, -led- 
um, [inter-lego], 3. v. a., to 
learn, to find out. 

inter, prep, with ace. between, 
among. 

intercludo, -cludere, -elusi, 
-clusiim, [inter-claudo], 3. 
v. a., to cut off, to intercept. 

interea, adv., meanwhile. 



intereo 



248 



labor 



intereS, -ire, -ivi (il), itum, 
[inter-eo] irr. v. n., to perish. 

interficid, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, 
[inter- facio], 3. v. a., to put 
to death, to kill. 

interful, see intersum. 

interger, -gra, -grum, adj., un- 
touched, unbroken, whole. 

interp6n6, -p6nere, -posui, -po- 
situm, [inter-pono] , 3. v. a., 
to put between, to interpose. 

interpres, -etis, C, mediator, 
interpreter. 

interest, impers. v., it is of im- 
portance. 

intersum, -esse, -fui, (-futurus) , 
[inter-sum], irr. v. n., to be 
between, to be among. 

intra, adv., within, inside. — 
Also, prep, with ace. 

introe6, -Ire, -Ivi (-ii), -itum, 
[intro-eo], irr. v. a. and n. to 
enter, to come in. 

intull, see Infero. 

invalidus, -a, -um, adj., infirm, 
weak, feeble. 

inveniS, -venire, -veni, -ven- 
tum, [in-venio] 4. v. a., to 
find, to learn. 

invicem, adv., one after an- 
other. 

invito, -are, -avi, -atum, i..v. 
a., to invite. 

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intens. pron., 
self (him, her, it, them). 

Ira, -ae, F., anger, wrath. 

is, ea, id, dem. pron., this, that, 
he, she, it, they. 

ibdem, see Idem. 

iste, ista, istud, dem. pron., 
that, near vou. 



Italia, -ae, F., Italy. 

itaque, adv., and so, therefore. 

iter, itineris, N., road, way, 

march, journey. 
Ithacus, -a,-um, adj., an 1 thac an 



jaci6, jacere, jeci, jactum, 3. v. 

a., to throw, to hurl, to cast. 
jam, adv., now, already. 
Jovis, see Juppiter 
jubed, jubere, jussi, jussum, 2. 

v. a., to order, to command. 
jucundus, -a, -um, pleasant. 

agreeable. 
judex, -icis, M., judge. 
Juppiter, Jovis, M.. Jupiter, 

the supreme Roman deity. 
jus, juris, N., justice, right. 
jus jurandum, juris jurandi, 

N., an oath. 
juste, adv., justly, rightly. 
Justus, -a, -um, adj., just, law- 
ful, right. 
juvenis, -e, adj., young. 
juventus, -utis, F., youth. 
juvo, -are, juvi, jutum, 1. v. a., 

to aid, to help. 
jflxta, adv., next, near by. 

K 

Kalendae, -arum, F. plur., the 
Calends, (the first day of the 
Roman month). 

L 

Labienus, -I, M., Labienus, 
lieutenant of Caesar. 

labor, laboris, M., labor, exer- 
tion. 



laboro 



210 



longus 



labor, labi, lapsus, 3. v. dep., 

to slip, to fall. 
Iab6r6, -are, -avi,-atum, i. v. 

n., to work, to toil, to labor, 
lac, lactis, N., milk. 
lacrima, -ae, F., a tear. 
lacus, lacus, M., lake. 
laetitia, -ae, F., joy, gladness. 
laetus,-a, -um, adj., joyful, glad. 
lapis, lapidis, M., stone (small). 
largiter, adv., lavishly, gener- 
ously. 
largus, -a, -urn, adj., abundant, 

plentiful. 
lat€, adv., widely. 
latitude, -dinis, F., width, 

breadth. 
latrd, latronis, M., robber. 
latus, -a, -um, adj., broad, wide. 
latus, lateris, N., side. 
latus, -a, -um, see ferd. 
Iaud6, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. 

a., to praise. 
laus, laudis, F., praise. 
I§gati6, -6nis, F., ambassy. 
lSgatus, -i, M., ambassador. 
legio, legionis, F., legion (3000 

to 6000 men). 
lenis, lene, adj., gentle, smooth. 
ISnitas, -atis, F., gentleness, 

smoothness. 
lfcniter, adv., gently, smoothly. 
Lepidus, -1, M., Lepidus, a 

Roman. 
Leonidas, -ae, M., Leonidas, a 

king of Sparta. 
lepus, leporis, M., hare. 
levis, leve, adj., light (not 

heavy) . 
levitas, -atis, F., lightness, 

fickleness. 



leviter, adv., lightly, easily, 
lev6, levare, levavl, levatum, 

r. v. a., to lighten, to lift up 

l6x, legis. !•'.. law. 

libenter, adv., willingly, gladly 

liber, librl. M.. book. 

liber, libera, liberum, adj.. free. 

llber&litas, -atis. F., generosity, 
liberality. 

llberfc, adv.. freely. 

Hberl, -6rum, M.. pluf., chil- 
dren . 

Hber6, -are. -avi, -atum, 1. v. 
a., to free, to set free, to re- 
lieve. 

Hbertas, -atis. F.. liberty, free- 
dom. 

libet, libere. libuit (libitum est) 
2. v. n., impers., it is agree- 
able. 

liceor, licerl. licitus. 2. v. dep., 
to bid. 

licet, licere, licuit or licitum 
est, 3. v. n. impers., it is per- 
mitted. 

ligo, -onis, M., hoe. 

lingua, -ae, F., tongue, lan- 
guage. 

linter, lintris, F., skiff. 

littera, -ae, F., letter (of the 
alphabet) . — Plur. , epistle. 

litus, litoris, N., shore, beach. 

locuplStd, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. 
v. a., to make rich, to enrich. 

locus, loci, M., (plur., loci and 
loca), place, spot, position. 

locutus, -a, -um, p. p. of 
loquor. 

longS, adv., far, distant. 

longitudO, -dinis, F., length. 

longus, -a, -vim, adj., long. 



loquor 



250 



Miaerva 



loquor, ioqul, loeMus, 3. v. 
dep., to speak, to talk, to con- 
verse. 

luged, lugere, luxi, luctum, 2. 
v. n. and a., to mourn. 

luna, -ae, F., moon. 

lux, lucis, F., light; prima luce, 
at daybreak. 

M 

M., 1000. 

magis, adv., more, rather. 

magister, -tri, M., master, 

teacher. 
magistrates, -us, M., magis- 
tracy. 
magnitude, -dinis, F., great- 
ness, great size. 
magnopere, adv., greatly. 
magnus, -a, -um, adj., great, 

large. 
maior/, -us, (compar. of mag- 
nus), greater, larger. 
male, adv., badly, ill. 
malo, malle, malui, no p. p., 
irr.v. a. and n., to ivish rather, 
to prefer. 
malus, -a, -um, adj., bad, ill. 
maneo, manere, mansi, man- 
sum, 2 . v.n. , to stay, to remain. 
manus, manus, F., hand. — 

Also, a band (of men). 
Marcius, -1, Marcius, fourth 

king of Rome. 
mare, maris, N., sea. 
Mars, Martis, M., Mars, god of 

war. 
Martius, -a, -um, adj., of Mars, 

martial. 
mater, matris, F., mother, 
matron. 



« materia, -ae; F., wood, timb&r. 
matrimonium, -i, N., marriage, 

matrimony . 
matrona, -ae, F., matron. 
mature", adv., early, speedily. 
maturd, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. 

v. a. and n., to hasten. 
maxim$, adv., in the greatest 

degree, especially. 
maximus; superl. of magnus. 
mecum (me + cum) , with me. 
medius, -a, -um, adj., middle. 
mel, mellis, N., honey. 
melior, -us, (compar. of bonus) , 

better. 
me mini, memisse, def. v. a., to 

remember , to be mindful of. 
memoria, -ae, F., memory. 
mens, mentis, F., the intellect, 

mind. 
mensis, mensis, M., month. 
mercator, -oris, M., trader, 

merchant. 
mereor, mereri, meritus, 2. v. 

dep., to deserve, to gain. 
merldiSs, -£i, M., midday, noon. 
meritum, -1, N., desert, merit. 
metu6, -ere, -ul, utum, 3. v. a. 
and n., to fear, to be afraid of. 
metus, metus, M., fear. 
meus, -a, -um, poss. adj. pron., 

my, mine. 
mihi, dat. of ego. 
miles, militis, M., soldier. 
mflitaris, -e, adj.. military. 
mllle, indecl. num. adj., at 

thousand. 
mllia, -ium, (plur. of mille), 

noun, N., plur., thousands. 
Minerva, -ae, F., Minerva, 
goddess of wisdom. 



rainime 



2.11 



namquo 



minims, adv., in the smallest 

degree, least. 
minimus, -a. -um, adj., small- 
est, least. 
minister, -tri, M., servant. 
minor, minus, adj., (compar. 

of parvus), smaller, less. 
Minos, -Sis, M., Minos, a king. 
minu6, minuere, minui, mi- 

nutum, 3. v. a. to lessen, to 

weaken. 
mlratus, -a, -um, p. p. of 

mlror. 
mlror, mlrarl, miratus, 1. v. 

dep., to wonder at. 
miser, misera, miserum, adj., 

wretched, miserable. 
miseret, miserere, miseruit, 2. 

v. impers., it distresses one, 

one feels pity (for) . 
missus, -a, -um, p. p. of mitts. 
mitt6, mittere, misi, missum, 

3. v. a., to let go, to send, to 

dispatch. 
modestia, -ae, F., moderation, 

self-control, modesty. 
modo, adv., only, merely. 
modus, modi, M., measure, 

manner, method, way. 
moenia, monium, N. plur., for- 
tifications. 
mSISs, molis, F., mass, dike. 
mollis, mollire, mollivi, molli- 

tum, 4. v. a., to soften. 
mollis, molle, adj., soft, tender. 

feeble. 
mollitie's, -ei, F., softness, weak- 
ness. 
moneS, monere, monui, moni- 

tum, 2. v. a., to remind, to 

warn, to advise. 



mGns, montis, M., mountain. 
mSnstrS, -are, -avl, -Stum, 1. v. 

a., to show, to point out. 
mora, morae, F., delay. 
mor&tus, -a, -um. p. p. of 

moror. 
morior, mori (morirl) . mortuus 

(moriturus), 3. v. dep., to die. 
moror, moriiri, mor&tus, 1. v. 

dep. , to hinder, to delay, to wait. 
mors, mortis, F., death. 
mortuus, -a, -um, p. p. of 

morior. 
mos, moris, M., custom. 
mStus, -a, -um, p. p. of moveo. 
moveo, movere, movi. motum. 

2. v. a., to move, to stir. 
mulier, mulieris, F., woman. 
multitudd, -dinis, F., great 

numbers, multitude. 
multS; (see multus), by much. 
multum, adv., much. 
multus, -a, -um, adj., much, 

many. — multum, N. as noun, 

much. — plur. many things. — 

multS difi, late in the day. 
mundus, -1, M., ivorld. 
munio, munire, munivl (-il), 

munitum, 4. v. a. and n., to 

fortify, to protect. 
munus, muneris, N., duty, task. 

share. 
murus, -I, M., wall. 
mus, muris, C, mouse. 

N 
nactus, -a, -um, p. p. of nan- 

clscor. 
nam, conj., for. 
namque, (nam-que), conj., for 

(emphatic). 



>-n 



nanciscor 



252 



nonne 



nanciscor, nancisci, nactus 
(nanctus), 3. v. dep., to 
find, to procure, to obtain. 

nanctus, -a, -um, p. p. of 
nanciscor. 

nascor, nascl, natus, 3. v. dep., 
to be born, to spring up. 

natio, -onis, F., race, nation. 

natura, -ae, F., nature, charac- 
ter. 

natus, -us, VL., birth. 

nauta, -ae, M., sailor. 

navalis, -e, adj., naval. 

navig6, -are, -avi, atum, 1. v. 
n., to sail, to navigate. 

navis, nevis, F., ship. 

n§, conj., lest, that. . . .not. 

ne, (enclitic), the sign of a 
question; cannot be trans- 
lated. 

nee; see neque. 

necessarius, -a, -um, adj.. 
necessary. 

necesse, indecl. adj., necessary. 

necessities, -atis, F. ( necessity. 

necne, conj., or not (in double 
questions) . 

need, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a., 
to put to death, to murder. 

nefarius, -a, -um, adj., wicked, 
infamous. 

neglegd, neglegere, neglexi, 
neglectum, 3. v. a., to dis- 
regard, to neglect. 

negd, negare, negavi, negatum, 
1. v. a. and n., to say no, to 
refuse. 
negdtium, -I, N. ( business, 

occupation, undertaking. 
nemd, neminis, G., no one, 
nobody. 



ngquaquam, adv., in no way, 

by no means. 
neque, adv., and not, nor. 
nfcquiter, adv., icorthlessly, 

wretchedly. 
neuter, neutra, neutrum, adj. 

pron., neither. 
nex, necis, F., death (violent). 
niger, nigra, nigrum, adj., 

black, dark. 
nihil, N., indecl., nothing. 
nil; see nihil, 
nisi, conj., unless, if not. 
nix, nivis, F,, snow. 
ndbilis, -e. adj., noble, famous. 
ndbilitas, -atis, F., nobility. 
nobis, dat. or abl. of n6s. 
ndblscum, (nobis + cum), with 

us. 
nocgns, -entis, adj., harmfid. 

Pres. part, of noced. 
noceo, nocere, nocui, no p. p., 
2. v. n., to do harm to, to 
injure. 
ndld, n&lle, nolui, irr. v. a. and 
n., to wish not, to be tinwill- 
ing. 
ndmen, nominis, N., name. 
ndmind, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. 

a. , to name, to call by name. 
ndn, adv., not. 
ndn minus, none the less. 
N6nae, -arum. The Nones. 
The fifth day of each month, 
except March, May, July, 
October, in which they oc- 
curred on the 7th day. 
ndn&ginta, indecl. num. adj., 

ninety. 
ndnne, (non-ne), sign of a 
negative question. 



nonus 



_'•>•> 



oculus 



nonus, -a, -urn, num. adj.. 

ninth. 
nos; see ego. 
n6sc6, noscere. novi, ndtum, 

3. v. a., to learn, to know. 
noster, -Ira. -trum. poss. adj. 

pron., our, ours. — -Plur., our 

men. 
nfitus, -a. -urn, p. p. of nosco. 
novem, inecl. num. adj., nine. 
novitas, -atis. P.. strangeness, 

novelty. 
novus, -a, -um, adj.. new, fresh. 
nox, noctis. P.. night. 
nubes, nubis, F., cloud. 
nullus, -a. -um, adj.. not any, 

no, none. 
numen,numinis, N., will, power. 
numerus, -T, M., number. 
numquam, adv.. never. 
niintiatus, -a. -um. p. p. of 

nuntio. 
niintiS, -are. -avi, -atum. 1. v. 

a., to report, to make known. 
nuntius, -T. M., messenger. 
nuper, adv., lately, not long ago. 
nurus, -us, F., daughter-in-law. 

O 

ob, prep., on account of, 

because of. 
obduco, obducere, obduxl. ob- 

ductum, [ob-duco], 3. v. a., 

to lead toward, to lead against. 
obe6, obire. obii, obitum, [ob- 

eo], irr. v. a., to go to, to 

attend to. 
obful, see obsum. 
obicio, obicere, objeci, oojec- 

tum, [ob-jacio], 3. v. a., to 

throw against, to set up. 



oblatus, -a. -um. p. p. of offcro. 
obllviscor, oblivfsci, oljlltus. 

(ob-li\'io]. 3. v. dc]).. to 

forget. 
obses, obsidis. C, hostage. 
obside6, obsid&re, obsedl. <^1)- 

sessum, [ob-scdeo], 2. v. a., 

to besiege, to blockade. 
obsum, obesse. obfui. [ob-sum] 

irr. v. n.. to be opposed to. to 

injure. 
obtine6, obtinere, obtinui. ob 

tentum [ob-teneo], 2. v. a., 

to retain, to occupy, to possess. 
obtuli; pert, of offerd. 
occasid, -onis, P.. opportunity, 

occasion. 
occasus, -us, M.. a falling, a 

setting. 
occido, occidere, occidi. occa- 



surus, [ob-cado], 3. v. 



n 



to fall, to set. to be slain. 
ocdd6, occidere. occidi, occi- 

sum, [ob-caedo], 3. v. a.. 

to kill, to massacre. 
occlsus, -a, -um, p. p. of 

occid6. 
occupatus, -a, -um, p. p. of 

occupo. 
occup6, -are, -avi. -atum, r. v. 

a., to seize upon, to occupy. 
octavus, -a. -um. num. adj.. 

eighth. 
octingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., 

eight hundred. 
octd, indecl. num. adj., eight. 
octddecim, indecl. num. adj.. 

eighteen. 
octdginta, indecl. num. adj., 

eighty. 
oculus, -I, M., the eye. 



odium 



254 



pared 



odium, -I, N., hatred. 

offers, offerre, obtuli, oblatum, 
[ob-fero], irr. v. a., to place 
in the way, to bring, to offer. 

omnia, -ium, N., Plur. of om- 
nis, all things. 

omnlnS, adv., entirely, at all. 

omnis, omne, adj., all, every. 

onus, oneris, N., burden, load. 

opera, -ae, F., work, attention. 

opinio, -onis, F., expectation, 
opinion. 

oportet, oportere, oportuit, 2. 
v. impers., it is best, it ought. 

oppidanus, -a, -urn, adj., of a 
town. Plur. as noun, towns- 
men. 

oppidum, -I, N., stronghold, 
town. 

oppdnd, -ponere, -posui,. -posi- 
tum, [ob. -pono], 3. v. a., to 
place opposite, to oppose. 

opprimd, opprimere, oppressi, 
oppressum, [ob-premo], 3. 
v. a., to overwhelm, to op- 
press, to crush. 

oppugns, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[ob-pugno], 1. v. a., to attack, 
to storm (a place). 

optime, (superl. of bene), adv. 
very well. 

optimus, -a, -um, (superl. of 
bonus), adj. very good, best. 

opus, operis, N., work, labor. 

opus, N., indeclin. need, neces- 
sity. 

ora, -ae, F., shore. 

6rati6, -onis, F., address, 
speech, oration. 

orator, -oris, M., speaker, ora- 
tor. 



orbis, -is, M., circle; orbis ter- 
rarum, circle of lands, the 
whole world. 

6rd6, -inis, M., row, order, rank. 

Orgetorix, -igis, M., Orgetorix, 
an Helvetian nobleman. 

orior, oriri, ortus, 3. (and 4.) 
v. n., to arise, to start. 

oriSns, -entis, (p.p. of orior) 
adj., rising. 

Srnamentum, -i, N., adornment. 

Srnatus, -a, -um, p. p. of orn6. 

6rno, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a., 
to adorn, to honor. 

6r6, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a. 
and n., to pray, to entreat. 

ortus, -a, -um, p. p. of orior. 

ortus, -us, M., a rising. 

6s, Sris, N., mouth, face. 

os, ossis, N., a bone. 

ostendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- 
turn, [obs-tendo], 3. v. a., to 
show, to make known, to de- 
clare. 

6tium, -1, N., repose, rest. 



pabulum, -i, N., fodder. 
Padus, -I, M., the Po, a river of 

northern Italy. 
paene, adv., almost, nearly. 
paenitentia, -ae, F., repentance. 
paenitet, -ere, -uit, 2. v. a., 

impers., it repents (one), one 

repents. 
palus, -udis, F., marsh. 
paluster, -tris, -tre, adj., 

marshy, swampy. 
par, paris, adj., equal. 
pared, parcere, peperci (pars!), 

parsurn, 3. v. n., to spare. 



parens 



255 



perfacilis 



parens, -eritis, C, parent. 
pared, parere, parul, paritum. 

2. v. n., to obey, to submit to. 
parid, parere, peperl, partum, 

3. v. a., to procure. 

paro, -arc, -avl, -atum. 1. v. a., 
to procure, to prepare, to 
arrange. 

pars, partis, F., po'stion, part. 
share. 

partim, adv., partly. 

patior, -in, -Itus, 4. v. dep.. to 
divide. 

partitus, -a, -urn, p.p. of partior 

partus, -us, birth. 

partus, -a, -urn, p.p. of parid. 

parum, adv., not much, not 
very. 

parvus, -a, -urn, adj., small. 
little. 

passus, -a, -um, p.p. of patior. 

passus, -us, M., stride, step, 
pace (equal to five feet). 

p§.stor, -6ris, M., shepherd, 
keeper. 

patefacid, -facere, -feci, fac- 
tum, [patio + facio], 3. v. a., 
to lay open, to open. 

patefactus, -a, -um, p.p. of 
patefacid. 

patefld, -fieri, -factus sum, 3. 
v. n. , to lie open, to be open. 

pater, patris, M., father. 

patienter, adv., patiently. 

patientia, -ae, F., patience. 

patior, pati, passus, 3. v. dep., 
to suffer, to endure, to permit. 

patrius, -a, -um, adj., ances- 
tral. 

paucus, -a, -um; adj., /«w: 

paulum, adv., little, somewhat. 



paulo, adv.. by a little. 

pauper, -eris, adj., poor. 

pax, pads, F., peace. 

pectus, -oris. \., the breast. 

pecunia, -ae. P., money, wealth. 

pecus, -oris, N.. cattle. 

pedes, -itis, M., footman, foot- 
soldier. 

pedester, -tris, -tre, adj., in- 
fantry. 

p&jor, pejus, (comp. of malus) . 
adj., worse. 

pejus; (see male), adv., worse. 

pelagus, -I, N., the sea. 

pellis, -is, F., hide, shin. 

pelld, pellere, pepuli, pulsum. 
3. v. a., to strike, to defeat, to 
rout. 

pensum, -i, N., task. 

per, prep, with ace, through, 
by means of. 

perceptus, -a, -um, p.p. of per- 
cipi6. 

percipid, -cipere, -cepl, -cep- 
tum, [per-capio], 3. v. a., to 
take in, to learn, to hear. 

perditus, -a, -um, p. p. of 
perdd. 

perdd, perdere, perdidi, per- 
ditum, [per-do], 3. v. a., to 
destroy, to ruin. 

perduco, -ducere, -duxl, -duc- 
tum, [perduco], 3. v. a., to 
lead through, to bring over. 

perductus, -a. -um. p.p. of 
perduco. 

pere6, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itum. 
[per-eo], irr. v. n., to perish. 

perexiguus, -a, -um, adj., very 
small. 

perfacilis, -e. adj.. very easy. 



perfectus 



256 



polliceor 



perfectus, -a. -urn, p.p. of 
perficio. 

perferd, -ferre, -tull, -latum, 
[per-fero], irr. v. a., to carry 
through, to endure, to suffer. 

perficio, -ficere, -feci, --fee-turn, 
[per-facio], 3. v. a., to ac- 
complish, to finish. 

perlculum, -T, N., danger, 
peril. 

peritus, -a, -um, adj., skilled, 
skilfid. 

perlatus, -a, -um, p.p. of 
perfero. 

permissus, -a, -um, p.p. of 
permittG. 

permitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum, [per-mitto], 3. v. a., to 
grant, to allow, to permit. 

pernicies, -el, F., destruction, 
ruin. 

Persae, -arum, M.. the Persians. 

persequor, -sequi, -secutus, 
[per-sequor], 3. v. dep., to 
follow up, to pursue. 

perspectus, -a, -um, p.p. of 
perspicio. 

perspicid, -spicere, -spexi, 
-spectum, [per-specio], 3. 
v. a., to see clearly, to learn, 
to discover. 

persuaded, -suadere, -suasi, 
-suasum, [per-suadeo], 2. 
v. a. and n., to persuade. 

perterred, -terrere, -terrui, 
-territum, [per-terreo], 2. 
v. a., to terrify, to alarm. 

pertineS, -tinere, -tinui, no p.p., 
[per-teneo], 3. v. n., to ex- 
tend, to pertain. 

pertuli; see perfero. 



pervenio, -venire, -vein, -ven- 

tum, [per-venio], 4. v. n,, to 

arrive at, to reach. 
perventus, -a, -um, p.p. of 

pervenio. 
; pes, pedis, M.. foot. 
! peto, petere, petivl, petitum, 

3. v. a. and n., to seek. 
phalanx, -angis, F., phalanx, 

troops in a solid mass. 
philosophus, -I, M., philosopher. 
pietas, -atis, F., piety, affec- 
tion. 
piger, pigra, pigrum, adj.. lazy. 
piget, pigere, pigitum est, 2. v. 

impers., it disgusts one. 
pilum, -1, N., javelin. 
pix, picis, F., pitch. 
placeo, -ere, -ul, -itum, 2. v. n., 

to please. 
placet, placere, placuit, 2. v. 

impers., it pleases one. 
■ placid§, adv., quietly, calmly. 
placidus, -a, -um, adj., quiet, 

calm. 

planities, -el, F., a plain. 

planus, -a, -um, adj., flat, level. 

plebs, -is, F., populace, the com^- 
mon people. 

plenus, -a, -um, adj., full. 

plurimum, superl. of multum 

plurimus, -a, -um, very many, 
most. 

plus, adj., more, (compar. of 
multus). 

pSculum, -i, N., cup. 

poema, -atis, N., poem. 

poena, -ae, F., penalty, punish- 
ment, 

polliceor, -liceri, -licitus, 2. v. 
dep., to offer, to promise. 



PompSjus 



2.57 



praetereo 



PompSjus, -I, M., Pompey, a 
Roman. 

pondus, -eris, N., weight. 

pone, prep, with ace, behind. 

p6n6, ponerc. posui, positum. 
3. v. a., to lay down, to place. 

p6ns, pontis, M., bridge. 

populus, -I. M., a people, nation. 

porta, -ae, F., gate. 

porticus, -us, portico, porch. 

portfi, -are, -avi. -atum. 1. v. a., 
to carry. 

portus, -us, M., harbor, port. 

posc6, poscere, poposci, no. p.p. , 
3. v. a., to claim, to demand. 

positus, -a, -urn, p.p. of p6n6. 

possessiS, -onis, F., possession. 

possideo, -sidere. -sedi. -scs- 
sum, 2. v. a., to occupy, to 
hold possession of. 

possum, posse, potui, irr. v. 11., 
to be able, can. 

post, prep, with ace., behind, 
after. 

postea, adv., afterwards. 

posterus, -a, -um, adj., next, 
later. 

postp6n6, -ponere, -posui, -po- 
situm, [post-pono], 3. v. a., 
to place behind, to postpone. 

postquam, conj., after. 

postrSmo, adv., at last, finally. 

postrgmus, -a, -um, adj., the 
last, the end. 

postulatum, -I, N., demand, 
request. 

postulS, -are, -avi, -Stum, 1. 
v. a., to claim, to request. 

potfcns, -entis, adj., powerful. 

potestas, -atis, F., power, op- 
portunity, chance. 



potior, potiri, potltus, 4. v. 
dep., to become master of, to 
gain control of. 

potior, -us, (gen. -oris), adj.. 
preferable . 

potissimum, adv., most of all. 
especially. 

potltus, -a, -um, p. p, of potior. 

potius, adv., rather. 

prae, prep, with abl.. in com- 
parison with, before. 

praebed, praebere, praebui, 
praebitum, [prae-habeo], 2. 
v. a., to offer, to furnish. 

praecedo,-cedere, -cessi, -ccs- 
sum, [prae-cedo], 3. v. a to 
go before, to excel. 

praeda, -ae, F. booty, plunder. 

praeful, perf. of, praesum. 

praemittfi, -mittere. -mi 
-missum,[prae-mitto]. 3. v. a . . 
to send forward, to send ahead. 

praemium, -I. N., reward. 

praesens, -entis. adj., present. 

praesentio, -sentire. -sensi, 
-sensum. [prae-sentio], 4. 
v. a., to see beforehand , to find 
out. 

praesidium, -T. N., guard, gar- 
rison . 

praestat, praestarc, praestitit, 
1. v. dep., it is better. 

praesum, praeesse, praeful, 
[prae-sum], irr. v. n., to be in 
front, to be in command. 

praeter, prep, with ace. be- 
yond, contrary to. 

praeterea, adv.. furthermore. 

praetere6, -Ire. -il. -itum, [prac- 
ter-eo], irr. v. a. and n., to 
pas:: by. to pass over. 



praeter 



258 



propterea 



praetor, ^oxis, M., praetor, a 
Roman magistrate. 

prex, precis, F., prayer, en- 
treaty. 

prima luce, adv. express., at 
daybreak. 

primd, adv. , at first. 

primum, adv. , first, in the first 
place. 

primus, -a, -urn, adj., first. 

princeps, -ipis, M., chief, leader. 

principatus, -us, M., leadership. 

Priscus, -I, M., Priscus, a Ro- 
man. 

prior, prius, adj., former. 

prius, neut. of prior. 

pridsquam, conj. adv., earlier 
than, before. 

pr6, prep, with abl., in front of, 
before, in behalf of. 

probatus, -a, -um, p. p. of 
probo. 

probo, -are, -avi, -atum, i. v. 
a., to approve, to favor. 

procdnsul, -ulis, M., a pro- 
consul. 

prdde6, -ire, -Ivi (-ii), -itum, 
[prod-eo], irr. v. n., to go 
forth, to come out. 

prddesse, inf. of prdsum. 

prdduco, -ducere, -duxl, -duc- 
tum, [pro-duco], 3. v. a., io 
lead forth, to bring out, to pro- 
long. 

productus, -a, -um, p. p. of 
produco. 

proelium, -I, N., battle. 

proelium committere, to engage 
in battle. 

prdfectus, -a, -um, p. p. of pro- 
ficiscor. 



prdiero, -ferre, -tull, -latum, 
[pro-fero], irr. v. a., to hrini 
forth, to bring out. 

prSficiS, -ficere, -feci, -tectum, 
[pro-facio], 3. v. n., to ad- 
vance, to accomplish. 

proficiscor,-ficiscI, -fectus,pro- 
faciscor], 3. v. dep., to start, 
to set out, to go out, to march, 

profiteor, -fiten, -fessus, [pro- 
fateor], 2. v. dep., to declare 
publicly, to profess. 

profui, perf. of prosum. 

pr6gredior,gredi,-gressus, [pro- 
gradior], 3. v. dep., to go for- 
ward, to proceed. 

progressus, -a, -um, p. p. of 
pr6gredior. 

prohibeS, -hibere, -hibui, -hib- 
itum, [pro-habeo], 2. v. a., 
to hold off , to forbid. 

prohibitus, -a, -um, p.p. of pro- 
hibe6. 

prdicio, -icere, -jeci, -jectum, 
[pro-jacio], 3. v. a., to throw 
forward, to cast (down). 

prolatus, -a, -um, p. p. of pro- 
ferd. 

pr6m6tus, -a, -um, p.p. of pro- 
move 5. 

prdmoved, -movere, -movi, 
-motum, [pro-mo veo], 2. v. 
a., to move forward, to ad- 
vance. 

prope, prep, with ace., near. 

proprius, -a, -vim, adj., one's 
own. 

propter, prep, with ace, on ac- 
count of. 

propterea, adv., on this ac- 
count. 



prosum 



259 



quis 



prosum, prodesse, profui, pro- 
futiirus, [pro (d) -sum], irr. 
v. n., to benefit. 

protull, perf. of pr6fer&. 

prdvide6, -videre, vidi, -visum, 
[pro- video], 2. v. a., to foresee, 
to provide. 

prSvincia, -ae, F., province. 

prSvisus, -a, -um, p.p. of pro- 
vides. 

proximS, see prope. 

proximus, -a, -um, adj., near- 
est, next. 

pudet, pudere, puduit, 2. v. 
impers. (it shames), one is 
ashamed. 

puella, -ae, F.,girl. 

puer, pueri, M., boy. Plur.. 
children. 

pugna, -ae, F., fight, battle. 

pugn6, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. 
v. n., to fight. 

pulcher, -chra, -chrum. adj., 
beautiful. 

pulsus, -a, -um, p.p. of pello. 

pulvis, -eris, M., dust. 

punid, -Ire, -Ivl,(-ii), -Itum. 
4. v. a., to punish. 

puppis, -is, F., stern (of a boat) . 

put6, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a., 
to think, to suppose. 

Pyrenaeus, -a, -um, adj.. the 
Pyrenees (mountains) . 

Q 

qua, abl. of quis or qui. 
quadringenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. , 

four hundred. 
quae, see quis or qui. 
quaer6, quaerere, quaeslvl, 

quaesltum. 3. v. a., to search 

for, to inquire, to ask. 



quam, adv., than. 

quam celerrime, adv. express., 

as quickly as possible. 
quam -f superlative of adj., as 

much as possible. 
quam ob rem, adv. phrase, 

wherefore. 
quantus, -a, -um. adj., how 

much'? how great 9 
quasi, conj., as if. 
quattuor, indecl. num. adj.. 

four. 
-que, conj., and. 
quern, ace. of quis or qui. 
queror, queri, questus, 3. v. 

dep., to complain (of). 
questus, -a, -um, p.p. of queror. 
qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., 

who, which, that. 
quibus, dat. or abl. plur. of quis 

or qui. 
quibuscum, [cum +• quibus], 

with whom. 
quldam, quaedam, quoddam. 

indef. adj. pron., a certain. 
quifcs, -etis, F.. rest, quiet. 
quln, conj.. but that, that. 
qulndecim, indecl. num. adj. 

fifteen . 
quingenti, -ac. -a, num. adj. 

five hundred. 
qulnquaginta, indecl. nuni 

adj.. fifty. 
quinque, indecl. num. adj. 

five. 
qulntus, -a, -um. num. adj. 

fifth. 
qulntus decimus, num. adj. 

fifteen. 
quis, quae, quid, Interrog. adj 

pron., who? which? what'? 



quis 



260 



removed 



■, quid, indef. pron. 



quis, ~ 

any one, any thing. 
quisquam, (no fern.)- quid- 

quam, indef. pron., any, 

any one, any thing. 
quisque, quaeque, quidque, 

indef. pron., each, each one. 
quo, see qui, or quis. 
quod, conj., because. 
quod, see qui or quis. 
quoque, conj., also. 
qudque, see quisque. 
qu6s, see qui or quis. 

R 

radix, -Icis, F.. root. 

rapiditas, -atis. F., rapidity, 
swiftness. 

raplna, -ae, F.. plunder. 

rarus, -a, -um, adj., thin, scat- 
tered, rare. 

ratio, -onis, F., reason, plan. 

ratis, -is. F.. raft. 

recede, -cedere. -cessi, -cessum, 
[re-cedo], 3. v. n., to retire, 
to withdraw. 

recens, -entis, adj., new, recent. 

receptus, -a, -um, p.p. of re- 
cipi6. 

recipi6, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, 
[re-cap io], 3. v. a., to take 
back, to receive. — -with re- 
flexive, to retreat. 

reconcilid, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. 
v. a., to reunite, to reconcile. 

recred,-are. -avi, -atum, 1. v. a., 
to refresh. 

reddd, -dere. -didi, -ditum, 3. 
v. a., to give back, to restore. 

reded, -Ire, -il (-ivi),-itum [re- 
(red-)-eo], irr. v. n., to go 
back, to return. 



reditid, -onis, F., a return. 

reditus, -us, M., a return. 

reducd, -ducere, -duxi. -duc- 
tum, [re-duco], 3. v. a., to 
lead back, to bring back. 

referd, referre, rettuli. relatum. 
[re-fero], irr. v. a., to bring 
back, to report. 

refugi6, -fugere, -fugl. -fugi- 
tum [re-fugio], 3. v. n.. to 
flee back, to escape. 

reglna, -ae, F., queen. 

regid, -onis, F., region, country. 

rggnd, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. 
n . , to reign . 

regnum, -1, N., kingdom.. 

reg6, regere, rexi, rectum, 3. v. 
a., to manage, to rule. 

Regulus, -1, M., Regulus, a Ro- 
man. 

reicio, -icere. -jeci, jectum, [re- 
jacio], 3. v. a., to throw back, 
to drive back, to throw away. 

rejectus, -a, -um, p.p. of reicid. 

relatus, -a, -um, p.p. of referd. 

relinquS, -linquere, -liqui, -lic- 
tum, [re-linguo], 3. v. a., to 
leave behind, to abandon. 

reliquus, -a, -um, adj., left, re- 
maining, rest. 

remaned, -manere, -mansi, 
-mansum, [re-maneo], 2. v. 
n.j to remain, to stay. 

rSmex, remigis, M., oarsman, 
rower. 

RemI, -6rum, M. plur., the 
Remi, a tribe. 

remdtus, -a, -um, p.p. of re- 
moved. 

removed, -movere, -movi, -mo- 
tum, [re-moveo], 2. v. a., to 
move away, to remove. 



remus 



261 



sapiens 



remus, -I, M., oar. 

reor, rere, ratus, 2. v. dep., to 
think, to deem. 

repelld, repellere, reppuli, re- 
pulsum, [re-pello], 3. v. a., to 
drive back, to repulse. 

repente, adv., suddenly. 

reperid, reperirc. repperi, re- 
pcrtum, [re-(red-)pario], 4. 
v. a., to find out, to dis- 
cover. 

repertus, -a. -um. p.p. of re- 
peri6. 

reporto, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- 
porto]. 1. v. a., to carry. back, 
to report. 

repulsus, -a, -um, p.p. of re- 
pello. 

res, rei, affair, matter, thing. 

rescinds, -scindere , -scidi , -scis- 
sum, [re-scindo], 3. v. a., to 
cut away, to break down, to 
destroy. 

respiciS, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
turn, [re-specio], 3. v. a. and 
n., to look back. 

responded, -spondere. -spondi, 
-sponsum, [re-spondeo]. 2. v. 
11., to reply, to answer. 

responsum, -i. N.. reply. 

res publica, rei publicae, etc., 
F., republic. 

retentus, -a. -um, p.p. of re- 
tineS. 

retineS, -tinere, -tinui, -ten- 
turn, [re-teneo], 2. v. a., to 
hold back, to restrain. 

rettuli, perf . of referd. 

reverts, -vertere, -verti. -ver- 
sum, [re-verto], 3. v. n., to 
go back, to return. 



revertor, reverti, reversus, 3 

v. dep. n., to turn about. 
revoco, -arc -avi, -atum, [rc- 

voco], 1. v. a., to call back, to 

retail. 
rfcx, regis, M.. king. 
Rhfinus, -1. M.. the Rhine, a 

river. 
Rhodanus, -I. M.. the Rhone, a 

river. 
ripa, -a.e,F., bank, (of a stream). 
rlvus, -1, M.. brook, stream. 
roborane, [robora 4- ne]. 
rSbur, -oris, N., oak. 
rogo, -are, -avi. -atum. 1. v. a.. 

to ask, to request. 
R6ma, -ae, F., Rome. 
Rdmanus, -a. -um. M.. Roman 

— As noun, a Roman. 
, rSstrum, -i. N.. beak (of a ship). 
ruber, rtibra. rubrum, adj.. red. 
rumor, -oris, M.. rumor. 
rumpd, rumpere, rupi. rup- 

tum, 3. v. a., to break. /<> 

force open. 
rupfis, -is, F., cliff. 
rus, ruris, N., country, fields. 



sacerdos, -dotis, C, priest. 
saepe, adv.. often. 
saepes, -is. F., hedge. 
saepissime, very often. 
sagitta, -ae, F.. arrow. 
saltus, -iis, M., glade, pass. 
salfls, -utis, F., health, safety. 
salvus, -a. -um. adj., saved, un- 
hurt. 
Samos, 1. F., Samos. an island. 
sanguis, -inis, M., blood. 
sapiens, -entis. adj.. wise 



sapienter 



262 



SGcratSs 



sapienter, adv. , wisely. 

satis, adv., enough, sufficiently. 

saxum, -I, N., stone, rock. 

scelus, -eris, N., crime, wicked- 
ness. 

sci6, scire, scivi, scitum, 4. v. 
a., to know. 

Sclpi6, -onis, Scipio, a Roman. 

scrlba, -ae, M., clerk, scribe. 

scribd, scribere, scrips!, scrip- 
turn, 3. v. a., to write. 

scutum, -i, N., shield. 

sS, see sul. 

se recipiS, see recipid. 

sec6, secare, secui, sectum, 1. 
v. a., to cut. 

secum, [se-fcum], with him- 
self, herself, etc. 

secundus, -a, -um, adj., follow- 
ing, second, favorable. 

secus, adv., otherwise. 

sed, conj., but. 

sedes, -is, F., seat, abode. 

seges, -etis, F., crop. 

semel, adv., once. 

semper, adv. always. 

senator, -oris, M., senator. 

senatus, -us, M., senate. 

senex, senis, M., old man. 

sententa, -ae, F., opinion, feel- 
ing. 

sentid, sentire, sensi, sensum, 
4. v. a., to perceive, to know. 

sentis, -is, M., briar. 

septem, indecl. num. adj., 
seven. 

September, -bris, M., Septem- 
ber. 

septimus, -a, -um, adj., sev- 
enth. 

S&quanus, -1, a Sequanian. 



Bequor, sequl, secutus, 3. v. 

dep., to follow. 
serm5, -onis, M., conversation. 
serviO, -ire, -ii, (-ivi), Itum, 4. 

v. n., to be a slave. 
servitus, -utis, F., slavery. 
serv6, -are, -avi , -atum, 1 . v. a. , 

to guard, to preserve. 
servus, -I, M., slave. 
sSse, see sul. 

setius, [Compar. of secus] , less. 
severitas, -atis, F., severity, 

sternness. 
sex, indecl. num, adj., six. 
sexaginta, indecl. num. adj., 

sixty. 
si, conj., if, whether. 
sibi, see sul. 
sic, adv., so, thus. 
sidus, -eris, N., star. 
signifer, -feri, M., standard- 
bearer. 
significatiS, -onis, F., signal. 

warning. 
signum, -1, N., signal, sign. 
silva, -ae, F., forest, woods. 
Silvester, -tris, -tre, adj., 

wooded. 
similis, -e, adj., like, similar. 
sine, prep, with abl., without. 
singularis, -e, adj., solitary, 

single. 
singull, -ae, -a, adj., single, one 

by one. 
sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., on 

the left. 
slve, seu. conj . , if either, or if. 
socer, -erl, M., father-in-law. 
socius, -1, M., ally. 
Sdcratds, -is, M.. Socrates, a 

Greek. 



socrus 



263 



superfui 



socrus, -us, F., mother-in-law. 

sol, solis, M., sun. 

soled, sol€re, solitus. 2. v. n., 

to be wont. 
sdlitudd, -dinis, F., solitude, 

loneliness. 
sSlus, -a, -um., adj., alone, only. 
somnus, -1, M., sleep. 
soror, -oris, F., sister. 
sors, sortis, F., lot, chance. 
sospes, sospitis, adj., saving. 
Sparta, -ae, F., Sparta, a city, 
spatium, -1, N., space, distance. 
species, -el, F., sight, appear- 
ance. 
specto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. 

a. and n., to look at, to face. 
speculator, -oris, M.,spy, scout. 
spe-s, spei, F., hope, expectation. 
stat, stare, stetit, 1. v. impers., 

it stands fixed. 
statim, adv., immediately. 
statua, -ae, F., statue. 
stipes, stipitis. M., trunk (of a 

tree) . 
stirps, stirpis, M., stock, stem, 

race. 
sto, stare, steti. statum, 1. v. 

n., to stand. 
studed, studere, studui, no p.p., 

2. v. n., to be eager, to desire. 
studium, -I, N., eagern-ess, zeal. 
stultitia, -ae, F., stupidity. 

folly. 
sub, prep, with abl. or ace. 

under. 
subduco, -ducere. -duxl. -duc- 

tum, [sub-duco], 3. v. a., to 

draw up, to lead up. 
subductus, -a, -um, p.p of sub- 

ducfi. 



subed, -ire, -ii, -itum. [sub-eo], 
irr. v. a., to go under, to 
undergo, to approach. 

subfui, see subsum. 

subig6, -igere, -egi, -actum, 
[sub-ago], 3. v. a., to subject. 

subito, adv., suddenly. 

subitus, -a, -um, adj., sudden. 

sublatus, -a, -um, p.p. of toll6. 

subsidium, -I, N., aid, help. 

subsum, -esse, -fui, [sub-sum], 
irr. v. n., to be under, to be 
near. 

subter, prep, with ace. or abl.. 
beneath. 

subveniS, -venire, -veni, -yen- 
turn, (sub-venio], 4. v. n., 
to come under, to come to the 
aid of. 

suffero, sufferre, sustuli, sub- 
latum, irr. v. a., to carry, to 
suffer, to sustain. 

sul, reflex, pron., himself, her- 
self, etc. 

sum, esse, fui, futurus, irr. 
v. n., to be. 

summa, -ae. F., highest point, 
the main part. 

summus, -a, -um. adj., highest, 
greatest. 

sumS, sumere. sumpsi, sump- 
turn, [sub-emo], 3. v. a., to 
take away, to get. 

super, prep, with ace. or abl.. 
over, above. 

superatus, -a, -um. p.p. of 
supers. 

superbia, -ae.. F.. haughti- 
yiess. 

superbus, -:i, -um, haughty. 

superfui, see supersum. 



supero 



264 



t6tus 



supers, -are, -avi, -atum, i. 
v. a. and n.. to conquer, to be 
superior to. 

superstes, -itis, adj., surviving. 

supersum, -esse, -fui, -(futur- 
us), [super-sum], irr. v. n., 
to be over, to survive. 

supplex, -icis, C, suppliant. 

supra, adv., formerly, beyond. 

susceptus, -a, -um, p.p. of 
suscipiS. 

suscipiS, -cipere, -cepT, -cep- 
tum, [sub(s)-capio], 3. v. a., 
to take up, to undertake . 

suspectus, -a, -um, p.p. of sus- 
picio. 

suspiciS, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
turn, [sub-specio], 3. v. a. 
and n., to suspect. 

suspicio, -onis, F., suspicion. 

sustined, -tinere, -tinul, -ten- 
turn, [sub(s)-teneo], 2. v. a. 
and n., to hold up, to with- 
stand, to hold out. 

sustuli, see tolls. 

suus, -a, -um, reflex, adj., pron. 
his, her, its (own). 
T 

faced, tacere, tacui, taciturn, 
2. v. a. and n., to be silent. 

tacitus, -a, -um. p.p. of taceo. 

taedet, taedere, taeduit, 2. v. 
impers.. it disgusts, it wearies. 

talis, -e, adj., such. 

tam, adv., so, so much. 

tamen, adv., nevertheless. 

tandem, adv., at last, finally. 

tantus, -a, -um, adj., so much, 
so great. 

Tarquinius, -I, M., Tarquin, a 
Rom-an king. 



tfcctum, -1, N., roof. 

tficum, [cum-fte], with thee. 

teg6, tegere, tSxI, tectum, 3. 
v. a., to cover, to conceal. 

t&lum, -I, N., weapon. 

temeritas, -atis, F., rashness. 

tempestas, -atis, F., weather, 
storm. 

templum, -I, N., temple. 

tempus, -oris, N., time, season. 

tene6, tenere, tenui, tentum, 
2. v. a., to hold, to retain. 

tener, -era, -erum, adj., deli- 
cate. 

tenuis, -e, adj., delicate, thin. 

tenus, adv., as far as. Also 
prep, with abl. 

tergum, -I, N., back. 

terra, -ae, F., earth, land. 

terre6, terrere, terrui, territum, 

2. v. a., to frighten. 

terror, -oris, M., alarm, terror. 

tertius, -a, -um, num. adj., 
third. 

tertius decimus, num. adj., 
thirteenth. 

testis, -is, C, witness. 

testudd, -inis, F., "testudo." 

Thermopylae, -arum, Ther- 
mopylae. 

Thrasybulus, -i, M., Thrasybu- 
lits, an Athenian. 

timed, -ere, -ul, no p.p., 2. v. 
a. and n., to fear, to be afraid. 

timidus, -a, -um, adj., timid. 

timor, -6ris, M., fear, dread. 

toga, -ae, F., toga, the Roman 
garment. 

tolls, tollere, sustvill, stiblatum, 

3. v. a., to raise, to take away. 
lotus, -a, -um, adj. , whole, entire 



trabs 



265 



ut 



trabs, U'abis. P., beam, timber. 

tractus, -a, -um, p.p. of trahfi. 

traducS, -ducere, -duxl, -duc- 

tum, [trans-duco], 3. v. a., 

to lead over. 
trah6, trahere, traxi, tractum, 

3. v. a., to drag. 
traicio, -icere, -jeci, -jectum, 
[trans- jacio], 3. \. a., to 

throw across, to pierce. 
trajectus, -a, -um, p.p. of 

traicio. 
trano, -are, -avl, -alum, [trans- 
no], 1. v. a., and n., to swim 

across. 
tranquillitas, -atis, F.. calm. 
trans, prep, with ace., across. 
transduco, sec traducS. 
transeo, -ire. -iT, -itum. [trans- 

co], irr. v. a. and n.. to go 

across, to pass through. 
transfers, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, 

[trans-fero], irr. v. a., to 

carry over . to transfer. 
translatus, -a. -um, p.p. of 

transfers, 
transmissus, -a. -um, p.p. of 

transmitto. 
transmittS, -mittere, -misi, 

-missum. [trans-mitto], 3. 

v. a., to send over. 
tr&nstuli, perf. of transfers, 
trecenti, -ae, -a, num. adj.. 

three hundred. 
tres, tria, gen. trium, num. 

adj., three. 
triduum, -I, N., three days' time. 
triginta, indecl. num. adj., 

thirty. 
tristis, -e, adj.. sad. 
Troja, -ae. F. t Troy. 



Tios, Tr6is, F . Troy. 

tu, tui, pron. ^d pers. thou. 

tuba, -ae, F , trumpet. 

tucor, tuerl. tuitus. 2. \. dep., 
/<> watch, to protect. 

tuli, perf. of fero. 

Tullus, -i. M., T nil us. a Roman 
name. 

turn, adv., then, at that time. 

tumultus, -us, M.. uproar, com- 
motion. 

turpis, -v. adj., disgraceful . base. 

turpiter, adv., basely. 

turpitudo, -dinis, F.. baseness. 

turris, -is. F.. tower. 

tutus, -a, -um. adj.. protected, 
safe. 

tuus, -a. -um, adj. pron., your, 
yours. 

tyrannus, -T. M.. tyrant. 

U 
ubi, adv.. where. 
ulclscor, ulcisci, ultus, 3. v. 

dep., to punish, to avenge. 
Ulixes, -is, M , Ulysses, King of 

Ithaca. 
villus, -a. -um; gen. -uis. adj., 

any. 
ultra, prep, with ace, beyond. 
unus, -a, -um; gen. -lus, adj., 

one, alone. 
urbanus, -a. -um, adj., of a 

city, urban. 
urbs, urbis, F.. city. 
urged, urgere. ursi. no p.p.. 2. 

v. a., to press, to urge. 
usus, -us, M.. use, experience. 
usus, -a. -um, p.p. of utor. 
ut, coni., how? as, — with 

subjv., that, in order that, 5.) 

that. 



uter 



266 



Viridovix 



uter, utra, utrum; gen. -ins, 

adj . , which (of two) ? 
uterque, utraque, utrumque; 

gen. utrius-, adj., both. 
utilis, e, adj., tiseful. 
utilit&s, -atis, F., usefulness, 

advantage . 
utinam, adv., Oh that! Would 

that! 
iitor, uti, usus, 3. v. dep., to use, 

to employ. 
utrum, see uter. 
uxor, -oris, F., wife. 

V 
V, for quinque, five. 
vagor, -ari, -atus, 1. v. dep., to 

wander, to roam around. 
valeo, valere, valui, valitum, 2. 

v. n., to be strong. 
validus, -a, -urn, strong, healthy. 
valles, -is, F., valley. 
vallum, -1, N., wall, rampart. 
v alius, -I, M., stake. 
vannus, -1, F., a fan, for win- 
nowing. 
vast6, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a., 

to lay waste, to ravage. 
vectlgal, -alis, N., tribute, reve- 
nue. 
vectlgalis, -e, adj., tributary. 
vend, vehere, vexl, vectum. 3. 

v. a., to bear, to carry. 
velSx, -ocis, adj., swift, 

quick. 
vgneo, venire, venivi (ii), veni- 

tum, 4. v. n., to go on sale. 
veni6, venire, veni, ventuni, 4. 

v. n., to come, to go. 
venter, ventris, M., belly. 
ventus, -I, M., the wind. 
ver, veris, N., Spring. 



verbero, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 

v. a., to lash, to beat. 
verbum, -1, N., a ward. 
vereor, -en, -itus, 2. v. dep., to 

fear, to reverence. 
versus, adv., and prep, wi h 

ace., toward. 
vertd, vertere, verti, versum, 

3. v. a., to turn. 
veru, -us, N., a spit. 
vesper, -eri, M., evening. 
vester, vestra, vestrum, poss. 

adj. pron., your, yours. 
vestigium, -I, N., footsteps, 

track. 
vestid, -ire, -ivi (ii), -itum, 4. 

v. a., to clothe, to cover. 
vestis, -is, F., clothing, gar- 
ments. 
vet6, vet are, vetui, vetitum, 1. 

v. a., to forbid. 
vetus, -eris, adj., old, former. 
via, -ae, F., road, way. 
victor, -oris, M., victor. 
victSria, -ae, F., victory, suc- 
cess. 
victdriam reportare, to bring 

back victory, to win a battle. 
vicus, -I, M., village. 
video, videre, vidi, visum, 2. 

v. a., to see. 
viginti, indecl. num. adj., 

twenty. 
vimen, -inis, N., twig. 
vinciS, vinclre, vinxl, vinctum, 

4. v. a., to bind. 
vinc6, vincere, viei, victum, 3. 

v. a. and n., to conquer. 
vir, virl, M., man, husband. 
virgd, -inis, F., maiden. 
Viridovix, -icis, M., Viridovix. 



virttts 



267 



Xerxes 



virtus, -utis, F., manliness, 

courage. 
virus, -I, N., slime, poison. 
vis, vis, F., force, strength. 
vlsus, -a, -urn, p.p. of video, 
vita, -ae, F., life. 
vita excSdere, to depart from 

life, to die. 
vitium, -I, fault, a defect. 
vtt6, -are, -avl, -atum, i. v. a., 

to shun, to avoid, to escape. 
vlv6, vivere, vixl, victum, 3. 

v. n., to live. 
vdblscum [cum-f vobis], with 

you. 
vocd, -are, -avi, -atum. 1. v. a., 

to call, to summon. 
vol6, velle, volui, irr. v. a. and 

n., to wish, to be willing. 



voluntas, -atis. F., willingness, 
desire. 

voluptas, -atis. F., pleasure, de- 
light. 

v6mis, -eris. M., ploughshare. 

v6s, plural of tii. 

v6x, v6cis, F., voice. 

vulgus, -i, N., crowd, mass. 

vulneratus, -a. -urn, adj.. 
wounded (P.P. of vulnerot . 

vulner6, -are, -a\i, -atum, 1 
v. a., to wound. 

vulnus, -eris, N.. a wound. 

vultus, -us, M.. ( oiuitenance , 
face. 

X 

X, for decern, ten. 
Xerxes, -is, M.. Xerxes, a king 
of Persia. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 



a, not translated. 

(certain), quid-am. (325) 
able, (be), possum, w. inf. 

(372) 
about, (around), circum, w. 
ace. 

(concerning), de. with abl. 

(time), circiter, w. ace. 

(about to), Use Act. Peri- 
phr. Conj. (400) 
absent, (be), absum. (376) 
accomplish, conficio, 3. (243) 
according to, prd, w. abl. 
accuse, accuso, 1. (80) 
accustomed, (be), soled, 2. 

semi-dep. (329) 
across, trans, w. ace. 

(=beyond) , ultrd, w. ace. 

(of a bridge), m, w. abl. 
admire, admlror, 1. dep. (327.1) 
advance, prdgredior, 3. (326) 

(peace), proficid, 3. (243) 
affair, res, -e£, F. (237) 
afraid, (be), timed, 2. (100) 
after, (prep.) £os*, w. ace. 

(conj.) postquam, w. Ind. 

(=when), cum, w. Subjv. 

(436) 
or Ablative Absolute. 

(388) 
against, control, in, w. ace. 

age, aetds, -dtis, F. (141) 
Agesil&us, Agesildus , -i, M. (32) 



another 

agitate, agito, 1. (80) 
agree, consenfro, 4. (212) 
aid, auxilium, -I, N. (33) 

(assist), juvo, 1. w. ace. 
(80) 

(benefit), prdsum, (dat.) 

(373) 
air, der, deris, etc., M. (166) 

alarmed, (be), timed, 2. (100) 
all, (every one) , omnis, -e, (184) 
(the whole), totus, -a, -urn. 
(262) 
ally, socius. -I, M. (32) 
alone, solus, -a. -um. (262) 

unus, -a, -um. (262) 
also, quoque, adv. 
although, cum with subjv. 
(436) 
Ablative Absolute. (388) 
always, semper, adv. 
am, see to be. 
ambassador, legdtus, -t, M. 

(32) 
among, inter, a pud, w. ace. 
among, (be), intersum. (376) 
; ancient, antiquus, -a, -um. (52) 
and, et, -que. 

(also) atque, (and so) 
itaque. 
anger, na, -ae, F. (17) 
animal, animal, -alts, N. (168) 
announce, enuntio, 1. (80) 
J another, alius, -a, -ud. (262) 

268 



answer 



269 



battle 



answer, respdnsum, -l, N. ( ^jj 
(verb) responded, 2. w. 
dat. (100) 
any, idlus, -a, -urn. (262) 
apparent, (it is), apparel, 2, 

impers. (408) 
appearance, species, -Hi, F. 

(337) 
approach, approplnquo, 1. w. 

dat. (80) 
approve, probo, 1. (80) 
Aquitania, Aquitdnia, -ae, F. 

(17) 
are, see to be. 
are not, Nonne sunt . . . . 

are there, Suntne 

are carrying == carry. 

arise, orior, 3 and 4, dep. 

(327.29) 
arm, bracchium, -I, N. (^t,) 
(verb), armo, 1. (80) 
(arms for war), anna, 
-.drum, N. plur. (^^) 
army, exercitus, -us, M. (231) 
around, circum, w. ace. 
arouse, see rouse, 
arrival, adventus, -its, M. (231) 
arrive (at), pervenio, 4, \v. ad 

(212) 
arrow, sagitta, -ae, F. (17) 
art, ars, artis, F. (168) 
as, Use a noun in apposition 
or Use a dative of service, 
or (conj.) ut, w. Ind. 
as possible, quam, w. superl. 
ashamed, (be), pttdet, 2. im- 
pers. (408) 
ashes, cinis, -eris, M. (141) 
Asia, Asia, -ae, F. (17) 
ask, (for), rogo, 1. (80) 

(question) , quaero, 3.(191) 



assembly, lonventns, ih M 
(231) 

associate, cuilega. -ae. M (61) 

at, (in, on), in w. abl 

(=»time when), use abl 
(=ncar) . prope w ace 
(at Athens), AthinU 

(78.33) 
at once, statim, adv. 

atrocious, atrdx, -oris. (18 
attack, impetus, -us, M. ( _• • 1 
(verb), adorior. 4. dep. 
(327.2O) 
attempt, (noun),' condtus, -w.v. 
M. (227) 
(verb), conor, \. dep. 

(3273) 
authority, auctdritds, -dtis, F. 

(MO 
avenge, ulciscor, 3 . dep . (327.241 
await, exspecto. 1. (80) 
away, (be), absum, (376) 
away from. a,(a6),e,(e%),w. abl. 

B 

bad, mains, -a. -urn. (52) 

(wicked), improbus. -a, 
-urn. (52) 
baggage, impedimenta, -drum, 

N. plur. (33) 
bank, /i*M5, -oris, X. (150) 
Barbarian, Barbaras, -I, M. (32 ) 
barrier, impedimentum, -i. X 

(33) 
base, turpis, -e. (184) 

basely, turpiter, adv. 

baseness, turpitiido. -dinis. F. 

(i59) 
battering-ram, arics, -ietis, M. 

(i39) 
battle, piigna, -ae, F. (17) : />mr- 

/*/<«/, -1, X. (33) 



be 



270 



calm 



be, sum. (65) 

bear, fero. (346) vehd, 3. (191) 
(=endure), perfero. (349) 
(across), transfer 0. (349) 
(away), deferd. (349) 
(back), referd. (349) 
(to), adferd. (349) 
beautiful, pulcher , -chr a , 

-chrutn. (59) 
because, cww, w. subjv. (436) 
become, /*<?. (355) 
before, (prep.), onie, w. ace. 

(conj .) , antequam, w. Indie. 
beg, (for), />e/<5, 3. (191) 
begin, incipid, 3. (243) 
beginning, initium, -t, N. (33) 
behind, pdne, w. ace. 
believe, credo, 3. (191) 
belong to, xww, w. dat. (66) 
benefit, prdsunt, w. dat. (373) 
beseech, deprecor, 1, dep. (326) 
besiege, obsided, 2. w. ace. (100) 
best, optimus, -a, -urn. (273.2) 
betake oneself, (-flee) , se reci- 

pere. (243) 
better, melior, -ius, (273) 

(it is b.), praestat, 1, im- 
pers. (408.14) 
between (be), intersum, (376) 
beyond, ultra, w. ace. 
bind, vincio, 4. (212) 
bird, avis, -is, F. (141) 
bitter, acerbus, -a, -urn. (52) 
black, niger, -gra, -grum. (59) 
boat, ndvis, -is, F. (141) 
body, corpus, -oris, N. (148) 
bold, auddx, -dcis. (182) 
boldly, auddcter, adv. 
boldness, auddcia, -ae, F. (17) 
book, liber, -bri, M. (45) 
booty, praeda, -ae, F. (17) 



born (be), ndscor, 3, dep. 

(327-17) 
both, ambd, -ae, -o. (336 note) 
both .... and, et . . . .et. 
boy, puer, -erl, M. (42) 
brave, fortis, -e. (180) 
bravely, fortiter, adv. 
bravery, fortitildo, -dinis, F. 

(i59) 
break, frango, 3. (191) 
breast, pectus, -oris, N. (150) 
bridge, pons, pontis, M. (168) 
bring, porto, 1 , (80) ; fero; offerd; 

(349) 
(against), Infero. (349) 
(back), referd. (349) 
(over), (i.e., to lead), 

trdnsduco. (191) 
(to) , adferd. (349) 
(together), conferd. (349) 
(b. war), bellum tnferre w. 
dat. (349) 
broad, latus, -a, -um. (52) 
brother, frdter, -tris, M. (168) 
Brutus, Brutus, -I, M. (32) 
build, aedifico, 1. (80) 
building, aedificium, -I, N. (33) 
burden, onus, -eris, N. (150) 
burn, comburd, 3. (191) 
but, serf, autem. 
but that, gwm, w. subjv. 
by, (agent), d, (afr), w. abl. 
(means) , abl. alone. 

C 

Caesar, Caesar, -aris, M. (168) 

call, (=summon), vocd, 1. (80) 
(=name), ndmind, 1. (80) 
together, convocd, 1. (80) 

calm, (noun) tranquillitds, -dtis, 
F. (141). 
(adj.) ,placidus, -a, -um. (5 2) 



calmly 



271 



compare 



calmly, placide, adv. 

camp, castra, -drum, N. plur. 

(33) 
camp-follower, cdld, -onis, M. 

(i59) 
can, possum, w. inf. (372) 
cannot, non possum. (372) 
captive, (adj.) captivus, -a, 
-um. (52) 
(noun) captivus, -i, M. (32) 
capture, cap-id, 3. (243) 
care, cwra, -ae, F. (17) 

(take c.) : . curd, 1. (80) 
carpenter, faber, -bri, M. (43) 
carry, portd, 1 ; fcrd, (349) 
(c. off) c#ero. (349) 
(c. on) conficio, 3. (243) 
(c. on war) bellum gerd, 3 

(19O 
(c. out) = (accomplish) 
conficio, 3. (243) 
cast up, eicid, 3. (243) 
catch, capid, 3. (242) 
cattle, pecus, -oris, N. (150) 
cause, (noun) causa, -ae, F. 

(i7) 
(verb) = (to produce) of- 
ficio, 3. (243) 
cavalry, equitdtus, -us, M. (231) 
centurion, centurid, -onis, M. 

(i59) 
certain, (adj.), certus, -a, -um. 

(52) 
(pron.), quidam. (325) 
chance, fors, fortis, F. (168); 

casus, -us, M. (227) 
chariot, (not war) , carrus, -t,M. 

(32) 
check, coerced, 2. (100) 
chief, prince ps, -cipis, M. (168) 
child, puer, -ert, M. (42) 



children, liberi, -drum, M plui 

(45) 
choose, dcligo, 3. (191) 
Cicero, Cicero, -onis, M. (159) 
citadel, arx, arcis, F. (159) 
citizen, cfvw, •«, C. (141) 
city, urbs, -bis, P. (168) 
clear, cldrus, -a, -um. (52) 
cliff, rupds, -is, F. (141) 
close, claudd, 3. (191) 
clothe, vest id, 4. (212) 
clothes, vestis, -is, F. (141) 
clothing, vestis, -is, F. (141) 
cloud, nubes, -bis, F. (139) 
cohort, cohors, -ortis, F. (166) 
cold, frigus, -oris, N. (150) 
coldness, frigus, -oris, N. (150) 
colleague, collega, -ae, M. (61) 
collect, conloco, 1. (80); 

conferd. (349) 
(an army), rdgd, 3. (191) 
colony, colonia, -ae, F. (17) 
come, www, 4. (212); ed. (355) 
(together), convenid, 4 

(212) 
(to the aid of), subvenid, 4. 

w. dat. (212) 
command, jiissus, -its, M. 

(231); imperium, -I, N. 

(33) 
(to), jubed, 2. w, ace. (100) 
(be in c.), praesum. w. dat 

(376) 
commander, imperdtor, -oris, 

M. (168) 
common people, valgus, -1. X. 

(32) 
compact, pactum, -i, N. (33) 
companion, comes, -itis, C. 

(141) 
compare, conferd. (349) 



complain 



272 



desire 



complain, queror, 3, ciep. 

(327.21) 
conceal, celo, 1. (80) 
concerning, de, w. abl. 
condition, conditio, -ionis, F. 

(i59) 
conference, conloquiuni, -1, N. 

(33) 
confess, cdnfiieor, 2, dep. 

(327-9) 
congratulate, grdtulor, 1, dep. 

(326) 
conquer, super 0, 1. (80) 

vinco, 3. (191) 
consider, arbitror, 1, dcp. 

(3 2 7- 2 ) 
conspiracy, conjuratid, -ionis, 

F. (159) 
conspirator, conjurdtus, -I, M. 

(32) 
consul, consul, -ulis, M. 

(166) 
consulship, consuldtus, -us, M. 

(231) 
consult, consulto, 1. (80) 
contrary to, contra, w. ace. 
conversation, sermd, -onis, F. 

(i57) 
, could, see can. 

countenance, vultus, -us, M. 

(23O 
country, patria, -ae, F. (17) 

(not city), rws, rtlris, N. 
(enemy's) , /mw, -is, M. 

(141) 
courage, virtus, -utis, F. (150) 
cover, tego, 3. (191) 
cow, 605, bovis, C. (138.3) 
create, creo, 1. (80) 
crime, scelus, -cris, N. (150) 
crimen, -minis, N. (159) 



crisis, discrimcn, -minis, N. 

(i59) 
crop, 5t?g<T5, -gel is, F. (141) 
cross, trdnsed, (359) (359a. 15) 
crowd, vulgus, -I, N. (32) 
cruel, crudelis, -e. (180) (184) 
cruelty, crudelitds, -oZtis, F. 

(141) 
cup, poculnm, -J, N. (33) 
custom, m<35, moris, M. (148) 
cut, 5<?<~0, 1. (80) 

D 

danger, periculum, -I, N. (33) 
dare, audeo, 2, semi-dep. (329) 
daughter, fllia, -ae, F. (17) 
day, dies, diet, M. (236) 
day-break, prima lux. (159) 
dear, earns, -a, -urn. (52) 
dearly, car£, adv. 
death, mors, mortis, F. (168) 
(violent), nex, necis, F. 

(i59) 
deceit, fraus, fraudis, F. (148) 
deed, f acinus, -oris, N. (150) 
deep, altus, -a, -um. (52) 
defend, defendd, 3. (191) 
defender, defensor, -oris, M. 

(168) 
delay (noun), mora, -ae, F. (17) 
(w. obj.), moror, 1, dep. 

(327-7) 
(no obj.), cunctor, 1, dep. 

(327-4) 
delicate, tener, -era, -erum. (55) 
depart, discedo, 3. (191); e#£o- 

(359) 
depth, altitudo, -dinis, F. (159) 

deserter, desertor, -oris, M. 

(168) 
desire, cupid, 3. (243); t'o/o. 

(367) 



despise 



27:; 



escape 



despise, contemno, 3. (igi);de- 

spicid,2>. (243) 
destroy, deled, 2. (100) 
destruction, pernicies, -el. F. 

(237) 
detain, detinco, 2. (100) 

determine, constituo, 3. (191) 
devastate, vdsto, 1. (80) 
die, morior, 3, dep. (327.28) 
difficult, difficilis, -e. (180) 

(184) 
difficulty, difficultds, -dtis, F. 

(141) 
diligent, diligens, -entis. (182) 
diligently, diligenter, adv. 
disaster, calamitds, -dtis, F. 

(141) 
disclose, aperio, 4. (212); />a/f- 

/aci'o, 3. (243) 
discover, invenio, comperid, 4. 

(212) 
disgusted, (be), piget. 2. impers. 

(408) 
dissuade, dissuaded, 2. (100) 
disturb, commoved, 2. (100) 
do, facto, 3. (243) 
document, document u in. -I. N. 

(33) 
doubt (noun) dubium, -J, N. 

(33) 
(verb) dvibito, 1 . (80) 
drag, traho, 3. (191) 
draw, (=drag), traho, 3, 

(191) 
(=lead) , due d, 3. (iyi) 
(up), instruo, 3. (191) 
dread, vereor, 2, dep. (327.14) 
drink, (noun), polus, -us, M. 

(227) 
drive, ago, 3. (191) 

(out) , ex pell , 3. (191) 



during, i«, u. abl. 

dust, pulvis, -eris. M. (139) 

duty, munus, -eris. X. (150) 

K 
each, (one), quisque. (325) 

(of two), uterque, (264) 
eager, (adj.), cupidus, -a. -urn. 
(52) 

(be), cupio. 3. (191) 
eagerness, alacritds, -at is. 

(139) 
eagerly, dcriter, adv. 
early, mature, adv. 
easy, facilis, -e. (180) (184) 
easily, facile, adv. 
effect, <?#«<?, 3. (243) 
eighty, octogintd. (335) 
embassy, legdtio, -onis, 1". 

(i59) 
encamp, castra conloeo, \ . ($3) 

(80) 
encourage, hortur, or cohortor. 

1, dep. (327) 
end, /fm's, -z's, M. (141) 
endure, perfcro (349); potior, 3, 

dep. (327.19) 
enemy, (personal), inimuus. -1, 
M. (32) 
(war), host is. -is. C. (139) 
engage (in battle), proelium 

committo, 3. (33) (191) 
enjoy, fruor, 3, dep., \v. abl. 

(32715) 
enough, .va/z-v. adv. 

enter, rwiv. (359); iugredior. 3. 

dep. (326) 

equal, par, par is. (182) 

equestrian, equester, -tris, -ire. 

(178) (184) 
erect, aedifico, \. (8>o) 
escape, effugio, 3 (24 



espy 



274 



for 



espy, (perceive), cdnspicio, 3. 

(243) 
evening, vesper, -eri, M. (45) 
evidence, indicium, -I, N. (33) 
evil, mains, -a, -um. (52) 
excel, anteed (359) or praecedd, 

3, w. dat. (191) 
excellent, optimus, -a, -um. (52) 
exercise, exerced, 2. (100) 
exile, exsul, -ulis, C. (168) 
expect, exspectd, 1. (80) 
expectation, exspectdtid, -dnis, 

F. (157) 
eye, oculus, -i, M. (32) 

F 
face, os, oris, N. (150); vultus, 

-us, M. (227) 
fail, (be lacking) , desum,w. dat. 

(376) 

faithful, fidelis, -e. (180) (184) 

faithfulness. 

fall, cado, 3. (191) 

falsely, falsd, adv. 

famous, (=well known), cld- 
rus, -a, -um. (52) 
(=frequented) , celeber, 
-bris, -bre. (184) 

far, longe, adv. 

(by far), abl. deg. differ- 
ence. 

farmer, agricola, -ae, M. (61) 

farther, longius, adv. 

fate, fdtutn. -I, N. (33) 

father, pater, -tris, M. (166) 

father-in-law, socer, -erf, M. 

(45) 
favor, faved, 2. w. dat. (100) 

fear, metus, -us, M. (227) 

fear, (to), timed, 2. (100); 

■metuo, 3. (191) 

(to be in), timed, 2. (100) 



feel, sentio, 4. (212) 

few, paucus, -a, -um, (in the 

plur.) (52) 
fidelity, fides, -el, F. (237) 
field, ager, agrl, M. (43) 
fierce, dtrox, -ocis; ferox, -ocis. 

(182) 
fifth, quintus, -a, -um. (52) 
fifty, quinqudgintd. (337) 
fight, pugno, 1., decerto, 1. (80) 
find, invenio, 4., re per id, 4. 

(212) 
find out, compcrio, 4. (212) 
finish, cdnficid, 3. (243) 
fir tree, abies, -etis, F. (141) 
fire, Ignis, -is, M. (141) 
firm, firmus, -a, -um. (52) 
fitting, iddneus, -a, -um. (52) 
five, quinque. (337) 
five hundred, quingenti, -ae, -a. 

(52) 

flame, flamma, -ae, F. (17) 

flee, /«<gto, 3. (243) 

(back), refugid. 3. (243) 
(out of), effugid, 3. (243) 

fleet, cldssis, -is, F. (141) 

flight, /wga, -ae, F. (17) 

flow, /?«<?, 3. (191) 

flower, fids, fidris, M. (150) 

fly, void, 1. (80) 

fodder, pabulum, -t, N. (33) 

follow, sequor, 3, dep. (327.23) 

following (day), proximus, -a, 
-um. (52) 

food, cibus, -1, M. (32) 

foot-man, pedes, -itis, M. (141) 

foot-soldier, pedes, -itis, M. 

(14O 
for, sign of the dative case, 
(—extent of time), lX§e 
ace. 



for 



275 



go 



for battle, hello. 

for the sake of, pro, w. abl. or 

causa, w. gen. 
forbid, veto, i. (80) 
force, (noun), vis, vis, F. 

(138.39) 
(verb), cogo, 3. (191) 
forces, copiae, -drum, F. (17) 
forget, obliviscor, 3, dep. w. 

gen. (327) 
form a compact, pdctum facto, 

3- ( 2 43) 
former (the) , tile. (311) 
fort, castrum, -i, N. (33) 
fortifications^ moenia, -ium, 

N. plur. {zz) 
fortify, (to), munio, 4. (212) 
fortress, ar#, ar«'s, F. (159) 
fortune, fortuna, -ae. F. (17) 
forum, forum, -i, N. (^t,) 
fourth, quartus, -a, -«w. (52) 
fountain, fons, fontis. M. (168) 
fraud, fraus, fraudis. F. (148) 
free, (adi). liber, -era, -erum. 

(55) 
(verb), liber 0, 1. (80) 
freedom, libcrtds, -dtis, F. 

(141) 
freely, liber e, adv. 
frequently, crebro, adv. 
friend, amicus, -i, M. (32) 
friendly, amicus, -a, -urn. (52) 
friendship, amicitia, -ae, F. 

(17) 
frighten, terreo, 2. (100) 
from, d, (ab) , <\ (t\r), w. abl. 
(be), absum. (376) 
(=because) , Use Abl. 
Absolute. 
fruit, frux, frugis, F. (159) 
fugitive, fugitivus, L M. (32) 



fulfill, ad eventum adduco, 3. 

(191) (227) 
full, plcnus. -a, -um. (52) 
furnish, pracbeo, 2. (100) 

G 
gain possession of, potior. 4, w 

abl. (326) 
gain victory, victoriam reporto. 

i- (17) (80) 
garment, vestis, -is, (141) 
garrison, praesidium. -i, N 

(33) 
gate, porta, -ae, F. (17) 
gather, colli go, 3. or cogo. 3. 

(19O 
gather together, convcnio. 4 

(212) 
Gaul, Gallia, -ae, F. (17) 
Gaul (a), Gallus, -i, M. (32) 
general, imperdtor, -oris. M 

(168) 
generosity, liberdlitds. -dtis. F. 

(MO 
gentle, /£*m, -c. (180) (184) 
gentleness, lenitds. -dtis. F. 

(141) 
Germans, Germdni, -drum. M 

(32) 
gift, donum. -1 . X. (33) 
girl, puella. -ae. F. (17) 
give, do. 1. (80) 
give orders, jubco. 2. (100) 
glad (be), gaudeo, 2 semi-dep. 

(3 2 9) 
glory, gloria, -ac. F. (171: 

decus. -oris. X. (150) 
go, eo. (355) 

(away), abed. (359) 
(into), ined. (359) 
(out), exed. (359) 
(to), a^o. (359) 



goat 



276 



how many 



goat, caper, -pri, M. (45) 
God, Deus, -I, M. (32) 
gold, aurum, -1, N. (33) 
golden, aureus, -a, -um. (52) 
good, bonus, -a, -um. (52) 
goodness, bonitds, -dtis, F. 

(141) 
grain supply, commedtus, -us, 

M. (227) 
grant, do, 1. (80) 
great, tndgnus, -a, -um. (52) 
Greek (a), Graecus, l, M. (32) 
guard, (noun), custos, -3d is, C. 

(150) 

(verb), custodio, 4. (212) 
guest, hospes, -itis, M. (141) 

H 
hand, manus, -iis,¥. (227) 
Hannibal, Hannibal, -lis, M. 
happen, evenio, 4. (212) 

(it happens) , accidit, im- 
pers. (407) 
harbor, portus, -us, M. (227) 
hard, (not soft), durus, -a, -um. 

(52) 

(difficult), difficilis, -e. 
(180) (184) 
hare, lepus, -oris, M. (150) 
harsh, as per, -era, -erum. (55) 
harshness, acerbitds, -dtis, F. 

(141) 
has, see to have, 
hasten, accelerd, 1. (80) 

contends, 3. (191) 
hatred, odium, -i, N. (33) 
have, habed, 2. (100) 
he, is. (312) 
he is, est. (65) 
head, caput, -itis, N. (148) 
hear, audio, 4. (211) 

(—)earo),<:<5g« <5 s<:<?, 3,(191) 



heart, cor, cordis, N. (138.7) 
heat, color, -oris, M. (16S) 

(zeal), ardor, -oris, M. 
(168) 
heavy, graves, -e. (180) (184) 
hedge, saepes, -is, F. (141) 
help, (noun), auxilium, -i, N. 

. (33) . 
(aid) , fwt'd? 1 . (80) 

(benefit), prosum. (373) 

Helvetians, Helvetii, -iorum, 

M. plur. (32) 
here, hie or tec, adv. 
here (is) , adest, see adsum 

(376) 
hiding place, latebra, -ae, F 

(17) 
high, alius, -a, -um. (52) 

high place, use summa. 
hill, coll is, -is, M. (141) 
him, eum, (see is). (312) 
himself, (intensive), ipse, (303) 

(reflexive), sui. (301) 
his, ejus, see is. (312) 
his own, suus, -a, -um. (293) 
hold, teneo, 2. (100) 
hold in check, coerced, 2. (100) 
home, domicilium , -l, N. (33) 

(-ward), doinum, adv. 
honor, honor, -oris, M. (168) 
hope, spes, -ei, F. (237) 
horn, cornu, -us, N. (228) 
horrible, horribilis, -e. (180) 

(184) 
horse, equus, -J, M. (32) 
horseman, equcs, -itis, M. (141) 
hostage, obses, -idis, M. 
hour, /-/o?'a, -at\ F. (17) 
house, domicilium, -t, N,, <io- 

Wi/^..(23o). 

how many, quoL 



huge 



zll 



know 



huge, immdnis, -e. (180) (184) 
hunger, fames, -is, F. (141) 
hurl against, obicio, 3. (243) 

I 
I, ego. (287) 
if, si. 

ill, aeger, -gra, -grum. (58) 
immediately, statim. adv. 
impede, impedio, 4, w. ace. 
important, (it is), interest. (408) 
increase, auged, 2. (100) 
industry, diligentia, -ae, F. (17) 
inform, certiorem facto, 3. (243) 

(278) 
influence, auctoritds, -dtis, F. 

(141) 
influential, gravis, -e. (180) 

(184) 
in, in, w. abl. 
in Rome, i?oma. (78.33) 
in behalf of, pro, w. abl. 
in comparison with, prae, w. 

abl. 
in order to, ut, w. subjv. (426) 
inhabitant, incola. -ae. F. (17) 
injury, injuria, -ae, F. (17) 
innocent, innoce~ns, -entis. 

(182) (184) 
insolence, arrogantia, -ae, F. 

(17) 
insult, contumelia, -ae, F. (17) 
intend, in animd esse, w. dat. 

of person . 
intercept, inter cludd , 3 . (191) 
interpreter, inter pres, -etis, C. 

(14O 
into, w, w. ace. 
invite, invito. 1. (80) 
is, see to be. 
is there, Estne. (65) 
is there not, Ndnne est. (65) 



island, insula, -ac. F. (17) 

it, tVf, (see is). (312) 

it is, est. (65) 

it was fought, pugndtum est 

(410.1) 
Italy, Italia, -ae, F. (17) 
itself, (intensive), ipsum. (303) 
(reflexive), s<?. (301) 

J 

javelin, pilunt, -i, X. (33) 

journey, iter, itineris, X. 

(138.18) 
joyful, lactits. -a. -inn. (52) 
judge, arbiter, -tri. (45) 

(legal), judex, -icis. M 

(157) 
justice, /m5. ;«ris, X. (148) 
justly, /&£/£, adv. 
K 
keen, deer, dcris, acre. (178") 
keenly, dcriter, adv. 
keep from, proh ibeo. 2. (100) 
keep in memory, mem or id teneo. 

2. (17) (100) 
keep out, 

keep silent, taceo, 4. (100) 
kill (by striking), cacdo. 3. 

(191) 

(cut to pieces), intcrficid, 

3- ( 2 43) 
king, rex. regis. M. (157) 
kingdom, regnum. -i. X d^) 
kind, benignus, -a. -um. (52) 
kindly, benigne, adv. 
kindness, benevolentia . -ae, V. 

(17) 
knee, genu. -ka\ N. (228) (231) 
knife, culter. -tri, M. (45) 
know, (a person"), cognosce. 3. 

(191) 

(athing, fact) . xr/'rf. 4.(212) 



Labienus 



278 



mass 



Labienus, Labienus, -i, M. (32) 
lacking, (to be), desum, w. dat. 

(376) 
lake, lacus, -iis, M. (227) 
land, terra, -ae, F. (17) 
large, mdgnus, -a, -um. (52) 
last, uliimus, -a, -um. (52) 
latter, (the), hie. (305) 
law, lex, legis, F. (159) 
lay open, patefacio, 3. (243) 
lazy, piger, -gra, -grum. (58) 
lead, dilco, 3. (191) 

(across), trdnsduco, 3. 

(191) 
(out), educo, 3. (191) 
leader, dux, ducts, C. (157) 
leaf, folium, -i, N. (^t,) 
learn, cognosco, 3. (191) 
least, minimus, -a, -um. (52) 
leave, (behind), relinquo, 3 

(191) 
(depart), discedo, 3. 
left, (hand), sinister, -tra, 

-trum. (58) 
leg, crus, cruris, N. (150) 
legion, legio, -ionis, F. (157) 
lest, ne, w. subjv. (426) (431) 
let, Use Hortatory Subjv. 

(443) 
let not, ne. w. Hort. Subjv.. 

(443) 

letter, epistula, -ae, F. (17) 

level, planus, -a, -um. (52) 

liberality, liber dlitds, -dtis. F. 

(141) 
liberally, largiter, adv. 
liberty, libertds, -dtis, F. (141) 
lie in wait, insidior, r. w. dat. 

(327-6) 
lieutenant, legdtus, -t, M. {^2) 
life, vita, -ae, F. (17) 



light, liix, lucis, F. (159) 

(adj.), levis, -e. (180) 
limit, (to), finio, 4. (212) 
line of battle, acies, -Hi, F. 

(237) 
line of march, agmen, -inis, N. 

(i59) 
little, parvus, -a, -um. (52) 

(not much), non multum, 
w. gen. 
live, vivo, 3. (191) 

(dwell), habitd, 1. (80) 
locate, conlocd, 1. (80) 
long, longus, -a, -um. (52) 
long for, (desire), cupio, 3 and 

4- (243) 
look, specto, 1. (80) 

(at), specto, 1. (80) 

(back), respicio, 3. (243) 

low, humilis, -e. (180) (184) 
(base)#wr£js,-e.(i8o)(i84) 

loyal, fidelis, -e. (180) (184) 

M 

magistrate, magistrdtus, -its, 

M. (227) 
magnitude , m dgnitud 6 , - inis . 

F. (159) 
make, facio, 3. (243) 
make a journey, iter facio, 3. 

(138.18) 
man, vir, viri, M. (45) 

(mankind), homo, -inis, 

C (138.17) 
many, multus, -a, -um. (52) 
march, iter, itineris, N. (138.18) 

(verb), iter facio, 3. (243) 
maritime, maritimus, -a, -um. 

(52) 
marsh, palus, -itdis, F. (150) 
mass,, moles, -is, F. (141) 



master 



279 



no 



master, (of household), do- 
minus, -l, M. (32) 

(of scholars), magister, 
-tri, M. (45) 

(to be), dominor, 1. dep. 

(3 2 7-5) 
may, (it is permitted), licet, 2. 

impers. (408) 
me, me, see ego. (287) 
meat, card, carnis, F. (138.4) 
memorable, inslgnis, -e. (180) 

(184) 
memory, memoria, -ae, F. (17) 
merchant, mercdtor, -oris, M. 

(168) 
merciful, -clemens, -entis. (182) 

(184) 
messenger, nuntius, -I, M. (32) 
midday, meridies, -iei, M. (237) 
mile, (1000 of paces), millc 

passuum. 
miles, . . . . mllia passuum. 

(339) 
mind, animus, -I, M. (32); 

mens, mentis, F. (168) 
modesty, modestia, -ae, F. (17) 
money, (silver), argentum, -I, 

N. {33) 
(copper), aes, aeris, X 

(138.1) 
month, mensis. -is, M. (141) 
monument, monumentum. -i, 

N. (32) 
more, plus. (272a) 

or Compar. of adj. or 

adv. 

most, Use superl . of adj . or adv . 

mother, mater, mdtris. F. (168) 

mountain, mons, montis. M. 

(168) 
move, moved, 2. (100) 



much, (adj. j. multus, -a. -urn 
(52) 

(nounj, multutn, N . \\\ 
gen. (32) 
must, Use Pass. Periph Conj. 

(401) 
multitude, multitiidd. -dints, P. 

(i57) 
my, metis, -a, -um. (293) 
myself, (intensive), ipse. (303 ) 
(reflexive), gen., dat.. etc., 
of ego. (287) 

N 

name, ndmen, -inis. X. (157) 
(to), notnino, 1 . (80) 

nature, ndtura, -ae, F. (17) 
! naval, ndvdlis, -e. (180) (184) 
j near, prope, w. ace. 
: necessary, nccessdrius, -a. -urn. 

($2) 

necessity, nccessitds, -aiis. F. 

(141) 
need, (noun), opus, indecl. X 

(150) 
(something is lacking). 
desum, w. dat. (376) 
neighboring, jlnitimus, -a. -um. 

(52) 
neither, neuter, -tra. -trum. 

(263) 
neither — nor, neque. . .neque. 
never, numquam, adv. 
new, novus, -a, -urn. (52) 
next, proximus, -a, -um. (52) 
nimble, alaccr. -cris, -ere. (178) 

(1S4) 
nine, novem. (335) 
night, nox, noctis, F. (138.26) 
no, (adj.) , m'tllus. - (7. -um (262) 
(adv.). 11 on. 



no one 



280 



over 



no one, nimd, -mis, C. (138.24) 
noble, ndbilis, -e. (180) (184) 
nobility, nobilitds, -dtis, F. 

(141) 
nobly, ndbiliter, adv. 
none, nullus, -a, -um. (262) 
noon, meridiSs, -iel, M. (237) 
nor, ndn etiam. 
not, ndn, adv. 
not more than, ndn longius 

quam. 
not yet, ndn etiam. 
now, jam, adv. 

(therefore), itaque. 
number, numerus, -I, M. (32) 

O 

oak, rdbur, -boris, N. (138.32) 
oak tree, robur, -boris, N. 
oath, jus jurandum, -ris -l, N. 

(150) 
obey, pared, 2, w. dat. (100) 
obtain, obtined, 2. (100) 

(possession), potior, w. 
abl. (326) 
occasion, occd5id,-jdw«5,F. (159) 
occupy, possided, 2. (100) 
offer, ?/jfer'd. (349) 
offspring, suboles, -is, F. (141) 
often, saepe, adv. 
Oh! that, utinam, w. subjv. 

(453) 
old, (ancient), anttqUus, -a, 

-um. (52) 

(aged), vetus, veteris. (182) 

(184) 
old man, senex, senis, M. 

(I38-34) 
on, i«, w. abl. 

onetime; Use ablative case. 
on account of, propter, \\ . ace. 



on all sides, ex omnibus parti- 
bus. 
on behalf of, pro, w. abl. 
on the point of, Use Act. 

Periph. Conj. (400) 
one, unus, -a, -um. (262) 

(the one. . . .the other), 
alter . . . .alter. (263) 
one thousand, mille. (339) 
only, (adj.), solus, -a, -um. 
(262) 
(adv.), tantum. 
open, aperid, 4. (212) 
opinion, opinio, -idnis, F. (159) 
opportunity, facultds, -dtis, F. 

(141) 
oppose, opp on 0, 3. (191) 
oration, ordtid, -idnis, F. (159) 
orator, orator, -dris,M. (166) 
order, (demand), imperium, -1, 

N. (33) 
(command), jussus, -us, 

M. (227) 
(verb), ju bed, 2. (100) 

imperd, 1. (79) 
ornament, dmdmentum, -l, N. 

(33) 
other, (the), alter, -era, -erum. 

(263) 
others, alii, -iae, -ia. (262) 
ought, debed, 2, w. inf. (100) 
or Pass. Periph. Conj. 
(401) 
our, nosier, -tra, -trum. (58) 
out of, e, {ex), w. abl. 
out-cry, clamor, -oris, M. 

(168) 
outside, extra, \v. ace. 
over, (=on), in, w. abl. 
(across), trans, w. ace. 
(beyond), ultrd, w.'acci 



overtake 



281 



promise 



overtake, adsequor, 3, dep. 

(3 2 7- 2 3) 
owe, debed, 2, w. dat. (100) 



pace, passus, -iis, M. (227) 
pale, pallidus, -a, -um. (52) 
pardon, vcnia, -ae, F. (17) 
parent, parens, -entis, C. (168) 
part, pars, partis, F. (168) 
pass by, praetered. (359) 
peace, pax, pdcis, F. (159) 
peasant, riisticus, -1, M. (32) 
people, populns, -i, M. (32) 
perceive, (learn), pcrcipid, 3. 

(243) 
(feel), sentid, 4, (212) 

perform, (duty), fungor, 3 

(abl.) (327.16) 
perish, pered, (359) 
permit, permittd, 3. (191) 

or licet, w. inf. (408) 
persuade, persuaded, 2, vv. dat. 

(100) 
phalanx, phalanx, -angis, F. 

(159) 
philosopher, philosophus, -i, 

M. (32) 

pirate, praedd, -onis, M. (159) 

Piso, Pwo, -onis, M. (159) 

pitch camp, castra conlocd, 1. 

(80) 
place, (noun), locus, -t, M. (32) 
(set up), conlocd, 1. (80) 

(put), £<?M0, 3. (191) 

place together, conlocd, r. (80) 
plain, pldnities, -iei,F. (237) 
plan, (noun), consilium, -i, N. 

(33) 
(idea) ,ra*?'<?,--zdms,F.(i59) 
(verb) , cogito, 1 . (80) 



pleasant, jucimdns, -a, -urn 

; (52) 

; please, placed 2, w. dat. (80) 
' pleased (to be). /?/ocrf. 2, 

impers. (408) 
I pleasing, grdtus, -a, -urn. (52) 
pleasure, voluptds, -dtis. F. 

(14O 
pledge, fides, -ei, F. (237) 
ploughshare, vomit, -eris, M. 

(141) 
plunder, diripid. (243) 
poem, poema. -atis, N. 
poet, poeta, -ae, M. 
Pompey, Pompejus, -jt, M. (32) 
populace, popuhts, -J, M. (32) 
port, port us, -lis, M. (227) 
power, potcstds. -dtis, F. (141) 
(control), impcriitm, -£, N. 

(33) 
powerful, potcns, -entis. (182) 

(184) 
praise, /cmj ; laudis, F. (148) 

(verb), landd, 1. (80) 
prayer, prex, precis, F. (159) 
prefer ; wa/d, w. inf. (367) 
prepare, pare?, 1. (80) 
present (to be), adsum. (376) 
priest, sacerdds, -dtis, M. (148) 
prison, career, -ms, M. 
proceed, ptdgredior, 3. dep. 

(326) 
proconsul, proconsul, -ulis, M. 
procure, (get ready), compard, 
1. (80) 
(secure), parid. 3. (243) 
produce, efficid, 3. (243) 
profess, profitcor. 2. dep. 

(327.12) 
promise, polliceor, 2. dep. 

(327-11) 



property 



282 



rich 



property, bona, -drum, N. pi. 

(33) 
protect (to), prohibed, w. abl. 

(ioo) 
protect, defendd, 3. (191) 

(watch), tueor, 2. dep. 
(326) 
protection, praesidium, -i, N. 

(33) 
provide, provided, 2. (100) 

(furnish), praebed, 2. (100) 
province, prdvincia, -ae, F. (17) 
prudent, prudens, -entis. (182) 

(184) 
punish, piinid, 4. (212) 

(avenge) , ulciscor. (327.24) 
punishment, poena, -ae, F. (17) 
pursue, sequor, 3. dep. (327.23) 
put off, (=defer), differ 6. (349) 
put to death, need, 1. (80) 

(violent), interficid, 3. 

(243) 

Q 

queen, regina, -ae, F. (17) 
question, quaerd, 3. (191) 
quick, celer, -eris, -ere. (178) 

' (184) 
quickly, celer iter, adv. 

(unexpectedly), citd, adv. 
(with speed), cum celcri- 
tdte. 
quickness, celeritds, -dtis, F. 

' (141) 

R 

race, genus, -eris, N. (150) 
raise, tollo. (349) 
rapid, (winged), volucer, -eris, 
-ere. (178) (184) 
(swift), rapidus, -a, -um. 

(52) 
celer, -eris, -ere. (178). (184) 



rapidly, celer iter, adv. 

rather, magis, adv. 

reach (arrive at), pervenio ad, 

w. ace. (212) 
read, lego, 3. (191) 
reason (for what reason) , quam 

ob rem. 
receive, accipid, 3. (243) 
recent, recens, -entis. (182) 

(184) 
recently, nuper, adv. 
red, ruber, -bra, -brum. (58) 
refresh, recred. (80) 
region, regid, -idnis, F. (159) 
rejoice, gauded, 2. semi-dep. 

(3 2 9) 
remain, remaned, 2. (100) 

(survive), supersum. (376) 
remove, removed, 2. (100) 
report, jama, -ae, F. (17) 

(verb), enuntid, 1. (80) 
republic, res publico. (237) 
request (to), posed, 3. (190) 
resound, crepd, 1. (80) 
respond, responded, 2. (100) 
response, respdnsum, -i, N. (33) 
rest, quies, -ietis, F. (141) - 

(verb) , 
retreat (to), pedem referd. (349) 
return, (noun), reditid, -idnis, 

F. (159) 
(to), reded, (159); nr- 

vertor, (327.22) 
(something), reddd, 3. 

(190) 
revenue, vectigal, -diis, N. (168)' 
review, (to), /Ms2f<5, 1. (79) 
reward, praemium, -i, N. (33) 

(verb) , 
Rhine, Rhenus, -i, M. 
rich, c/iwi, -#w. (182) (185) 



right-hand 



283 



should 



right-hand, dexter, -tera, -terum. 

(55) 
rise, orior, 3, (4), dep.C327.29) 
river, flumen, -inis, N. (159) 
road, via, -ae, F. (17) 
roadway, via, -ae, F. (17) 
robber, laird, -dnis, M. (159) 
Roman, (adj.), Rom anus, -a, 
-um. (52) 

(a R.), Rom anus, -i, M.(3 2) 
Rome, Roma, -ae, F. (17) 
roof, tectum, -i, N. (^3) 
rope, funis, -is, M. (141) 
rough, asper, -era, -erum. (55) 
rouse, (stimulate), excitd, 1. 
(80) 

(trouble), agitd, 1 (80) 

(disturb), commoved, 2. 
(100) 
rout (to), fugd, 1. (80) 

repelld, 3. (191) 
rower, remex, -igis, M. (159) 
ruin, permicies, -iei, F. (237) 
ruin, (to), deled, 2. (100) 

perdd, 3. (191) 
rule, regd, 3. (190) 
ruler, rex, regis, M. (157) 
rumor, rumor, -dris, M. (168) 



sad, tristis, -e. (180) (184) 
safe, tutus, -a, -um (52) 

(unharmed) , incolumis, -e. 
(180) (184) 
safely, tute, adv. 
safety, salils, -idis, F. (150) 
said, see say. 
sail (to), ndvigd, 1. (79) 
sailor, nauta, -ae, M. (61) 
sake (for the sake of), causa, 
w. gen. 



sake (for whose), cujus causd. 
sally, eruptid, -idnis, F. (159) 
say, died, 3. (191) 
scarcity, inopia. -ae, F. (17) 
.scholar, discipulus, -i, M. (32) 
scout, expldrdtor, -oris, M. 

(168) 
scribe, scrtba, -ae, M. (61) 
sea, mare, -is, N. (166) 
seat, sedes, -is, F. (141) 
second, secundus, -a, -um. (52) 
secure,=to effect, conficid, 3. 

(243) 
see, video, 2. (100) 

(perceive), percipid, 3. 

(243) 
seek, petd, 3. (191) 

seize (to), capid, 3. (242) 
select, deligd, 3. (191) 
senate, senatus, -iis, M. (227) 
senator, senator, -oris, M. (168) 
send, mittd, 3. (191) 
servant, minister, -tri, M. (45) 
serve, servid, 4. w. dat: (212) 
set out, proficiscor, (327.20) 
set out for, proficiscor ad, w. 

ace. 
severity, severitds, -dtis, F. 

(141) 
share, munus, -eris, N. (150) 
(verb), partior, 3, dep. 

(327-19) 
sharp, deer, dcris, acre. (178) 
she, ea, (see is). (312) 
shepherd, pastor, -oris, M. (168) 

■ shield, scutum, -i, N. (33) 
ship, ndvis, -is, F. (141) 
shore, litus, -oris, N. (150) 
short, brevis, -e. (180) (184) 
shoulder, {h)umerus, -i, M. (32) 

{•should, (see conditions). (448) 



show 



284 



summer 



show, ostendo, 3. (191) 
shut, claudo, 3. (191) 
sick, aeger, ~gra, -grutn. (58) 
side, latus, -eris, N. (148) 
sight, species, -iei, F. (237) 
signal, signum, -f, N. (^2,) 
silent (to be), taceo, 2. (100) 
silver, argentum, -i, N. (2>Z) 
similar, similis, -e. (180) (184) 
since, cum, w. subjv. (436) 

or Abl. Absolute. (389) 
six, sex.- (335) 

size, mdgnitudo, -inis, F. (159) 
skiff, linter, -iris, F. (168) 
skill, ars, artis, F. (168) 
skilful, peritus, -a, -urn. (52) 
skilfully, cum arte. 
slaughter, caedes, -is, F. (141) 
slave, servus, -i, M. (32) 
slave (to be a), servio, 4. w. 

dat. (212) 
slavery, servitiis, -iitis, F. (150) 
slay, inter ficio, 3. (243) 
slip (to), labor, 1. dep. (326) 
small, parvus, -a, -um. (52) 
smoothness, mollities, -iei, F. 

(237) 
snatch away, eripio, 3. (243) 
snow, nix, nivis, F. (159) 
so, (=thus), ita, sic. adv. 
SO, (modifier), tarn. 
SO great, tantus, -a, -um. (52) 
p many, tot, tarn, adv. 
so that, ut, w. subjv. (426) 
Socrates, Socrates, -is, M. 

(141) 
soldier, miles, -itis, M. (139) 
solitude, solitudo, -inis, F. 

(159) 
some, quldam, (325); nonniilli, 

(262) 



some. . . .others, alii. . . .alii. 

(262) 
someone, aliquis. (325) 
son, filius, -i, M. (32) 
son-in-law, gener, -eri, M. (45) 
soon, mox, adv. cito, adv. 
sortie, eruptid, -ionis, F. (159) 
spare, pared, 3, w. dat. (191) 
speak, (say), died, 3. (191) 

(converse), loquor, (326) 
speed, celeritds, -dtis, F. (141) 
spit (a), verii, -us, (223) 
spring, ver, veris, N. (138.38) 
SPY? speculator, -dris, M. (168) 
stand, sto, 1. (80) 
standard-bearer, signifer, -eri, 

(45) 
state, civitds, -dtis, F, (141) 
stay, remaned, 2. (100) 
step, passus, -us, M. (227) 
stern (of ship), puppis, -is, F. 

(141) 
stone, saxum, -i, N. (33) 
Storm, tempest as, -dtis, F. (141) 
(rain), imber, -bris, M. 

(168) 
(verb), oppugno, 1. (80) 
strength, vis, vis, F. (138.39) 
strong, (healthy), validus, -a, 
-um. (52) 
(firm), firmits, -a, -um. 
(52) 
struggle, certdmen, -inis, N. 

(159) 
study (to), studeo, 2. (100) 
successfully, feliciter, adv. 
such, *£/&, -e. (180) (184) 
such a, talis, -e. (180) (184) 
suffer, patior, 3, dep. (327.19) 
suitable, iddneus, -a, -um. (52) 
summer, aestds, -dtis, F. (140) 



summit 



28,') 



this one 



summit, c acumen, -inis. X 

(159) 
sun, sol, solis, M. (168) 
supply, copra, -ae, F. (17) 
surrender, (noun), dfditid. 
-idnis F. (159) 

(verb), dedo, 3. (191) 
surround, cingo, 3. (191) 
survive, super sum (376) 
suspect, susplcid, 3. (243) 
swamp, palus, -udis, F. (150) 
swift, veldx, -dcis. (182) (184) 

(of wing) volucer, -cris, 
-ere, (178) 
swiftly, celeriter, adv. 
swiftness, celeritds, -dtis, F. 

(141) 
sword, gladius, -f, M. (32) 



table, mensa, -ae, F. (17) 
take, capio, 3. (242) 

(accept), accipio, 3. (243) 
take, (=lead), due 6, 3. (191) 
take (a walk), ambulo, 1. (80) 
take away, (bear), effero. (349) 
(snatch), diripio, 3 (243) 
take counsel (consult), con- 

sulto, 1. (80) 
take with,, capio and cum, \v. 

abl. 
tall, altus, -a, -urn, (52) 
task, pensum, -I, N. (t,^) 
teach, doceo, 2. (100) 
tear down, rescindo, 3. (190 
tear out (of), eripio ex, w. abl. 

3- ( 2 43) 
tell, died, 3. (191) 
tempest, tempestds, -dtis. F. 

temple, templum. -1, N. (33) 



ten, decern. (335) 

tender, tewr, -mi. -<r«/*, (55; 

tent, Use castrum. -i, X 133) 

tenth, decimns, -a, -u;n (51) 

terrify, terreu, 2. (100) 

territory, ffftw, -fc, M d 4 ii 

than, quam, adv. 

that, wte, (310) ?7/t\ ( ^ 1 f ) or m 

(312) 
that, (yonder). ///»• ,/. -nd 

(3H) 
that, (of yours), isle, -a, -u4 

(310) 
that, (conj). omit and use ml 

(362.4) 
that, (after verb of doubt) 

quin, (431) 
that. . . .not, ut, w. subjv | ja6) 
their, gen. pi. of is. (312) 
their own, suns. -a. -urn, < 2Q3) 
them, ace. of is. (3 1 
themselves, (intensive), ipse 

(303) 
(reflexive), sui. (301) 
there (to be there), adsum 

(376) 
there are, sunt. (65) 
these, plur. of this, 
they, Usually omitted 

or use plur. of is. (312) 
thing, res, -ei, F. (237) 
things, (affairs), res. ret . F. 

(23/) 
or neuter form of adi 

think, puto, 1. (80) 

(consider), existimo, 1. 

(80) 
third, tertius, -a, -um. (52) 
thirty, trlgintd. (335) 
this, Afc, haec, hoc. (305) 
this one, same as this. 



those 



286 



victory 



those, plural of this. 
thousand, mille. (339) 
thy, tuus, -a, -um. (293) 
three, ires, tria. (336) 
through, per, w. abl. 

or Use abl. of means. 
tiger, tigris, -is, C. (141) 
timber, trabs, -bis, F. (168) 
time, tempus, -oris, N. (150) 
tired, defessus, -a, -um. (52) 
tired out, same as tired, 
to, in or ad, w. ace. 
today, hodie, adv. 
toil, laboro, 1. (80) 
tomorrow, eras, adv. 
tonight=this night. 
too (wide), Use comparative. 
top, (of house), culmen, -inis, 

N. (159) 
(trees, etc.), cacumen, 
-inis, N. (159) 
toreh, fax, facis, F. (159) 
toward, ad or adversus, w. ace. 
tower, turris, -is, F. (141) 
town, oppidum, -i, N. (33) 
townsman, oppidanus, -t, M. 

(32) 
train (to), exerced, 2, (100) 
treachery, dolus, -I, M. (32) 
treat, ago, 3. (191) 
treaty, foedus, -eris, N. (150) 
tree, arbor, -oris, F. (168) 
tribe, gens, gentis, F. (168) 

(race), genus, -eris, N. 

(150) 
tributary, vectigal. -dlis, N. 

(168) 
truce, foedus, -eris, N. (150) 
true, verus, -a, -um, (52)- 
trumpet, tuba, -ae, F. (17) ■- 
trunk, stirps, -pis, C. <i68) 



trust, confidd, 3. semi-dep. 

(329) 
try, conor, 1. dep. (327.3) 
tumult, tumultus, -us, M. (227) 
turn, reverto, 3. (191) 
twenty, vlgintl. (335) 
two, duo, -ae, -0, (336) 
two hundred, ducenti, -ae, -a. 

(335) 
two thousand, duo milia. (335) 

U 

under, sub, w. abl. or ace. (73) 
undertake, suscipio, 3. (243) 
unharmed, incolumis, -c. (180) 

(184) 
union, conjurdtio, -ionis, F. 

(i59) 
unknown, incognitus, -a, -um. 

(52) 
unless, si. . . .non. (448) 
until, (with a noun), gen. or 

abl. w. tenus. 
unwilling, (to be), nolo, w. 

inf. (367) 
us, see we. 
use, usus, -w5, M. (227) 

(verb), utor, 3, dep. (abl.) 

(327- 2 5) 
useful, utilis, -e, (180) (184) 
useless for, inutilis w. dat. 
or inutilis ad, w. ace. 



valley, vallis, -is, F. (141) 
valor, virtus, -utis, F. (148) 
very, use superl. of adj. or adv. 
victor, victor, -oris, M. (168) 
victorious, victor, -oris (adj.) 

(182) 
victory, victdria, -ae, F. (17) - 



village 



!87 



with 



village, vtiuS, -i, M. (32) 
virtue, virtus, -utis, F. (148) 
voice, vdx, vdcis, F. (150) 

W 

wage war, helium gcrd, 3. (191) 
wagon, carrus, -I, M. (32) 
wait, maneo, 2. (100) 

(for), expecto, 1. (80) 
walk, ambulo, 1. (80) 
wall, murus, -i, M. (32) 

(rampart), vallum, -I. N. 

(33) 
wander, vagor, 1. (327.8) 
war, helium, -I, N. {11) 
war-chariot, esseda, -ae, F. 

(i7) 
warm, moneo, 2. (99) 

was, see to be. 

watch, (look at), spectd, 1. (80) 

(protect), tueor, (326) 
water, aqua, -ae, F. (17) 
way, (road), via, -ae, F. (17) 

(journey), iter, N. (138.18) 
we, nos. (287) 

weak, invalidus, -a. -urn. (52) 
weapon, telum, -l, N. (^t,) 
weary, (it w.), taedet, impers. 

(408) 
wealth, opes, -ium, F. pi. (168) 
weep, fled, 2. (100) 
well, bene, adv. 
well-known, cldrus, -a, -um. 

(53) 
what, neuter of who. 
wheel, 
when, cum, w. subjv. 

(or Abl. Absolute.) 
whence, unde. 
whether or not, utrum .... 

necne. (443) 



c/n 



whether or, Htrum 

(443) 
which, (rel.), neuter oi qui. 

(317) 
which? (interr.), neuterofquis. 

(321) 

Which (of two), utcr. utra. 

utrum. (263) 
who, (rel.), qui. (317) 
who? (interr.), quis. (32 1 ) 
whole, tdtus, -a, -um. (262) 
whom (rel.) ace of qui. (3 1 7 j 
whom? (interr.) ace of quis. 

(321) 
whose (rel.), gen. of qui. (317J 
whose? (interr.) gen of quis. 

(321) 
why? cur, adv. 
why? quam oh rem. w. subjv. 

(443) 
wicked, improbus, -a, -um. (52) 

wickedness, scelus, -eris, X. 

(150) 
wide, latus, -a, -um. (52) 
width, latitudo, -inis, F. (159; 
wife, uxor, -oris, F. (168) 
will, numen, -inis, N. (159) 
willing, (be), void, w. inf. (367) 
willingness, voluntds, -dtis. F. 

(141) 
win (battle), victoriam rcporto. 
wind, ventus, -t, M. (32) 
wing, (of bird), dla, -ae, F. (17) 
(of armv). cornu. -us. X 
(228)' 
winter, hiems, -cm is. V 
wisdom, sapientia, -ae, V 
wise, sapiens, -cutis, 

(184) 
wisely, sapienter, adv. 
with, cum, w. abl. 



(168) 

(17) 

( 1 8 2 ) 



with impunity 



288 



youth 



with impunity, impune, adv. 
with you, ticum, vdblscum. 

(289) 
within, intra, w. ace. 
(time), Use ace. 
within the, in, w. abl. 
without, sine, w. abl. 
woman, femina, -ae, F. (17) 

mulier, -eris, F. (168) 
wont, soled, 2. semi-dep. 

(329) 
wood, materia, -ae, F. (17) 
woods, sil-Me, -drum, F. (17) 
woody, Silvester, -tris, -tre. 

(178) (184) 
word, verbum, -i, N. (33) 
work, (result), opus,' -eris, N. 

(150) 

(toil), labor, -oris, M. 

(168) 
(verb), labor o, 1. (80) 
world, mundus, -i, M. (32) 
worthy, dignus, -a, -um. (52) 
would (see conditions). (448) 



would that, utinam, w. subjv. 

(453) 
wound, (noun), imlnus, -eris, 
N. (150) 
(verb), vulnero, 1. (80) 
wounded, vulneratus, -a, -um. 

(52) 
wretched, miser, -era, -erum. 

(55) 
write, scribo, 3. (191) 
write up, conficio, 3. (243) 
writer, scrlptor, -oris, M. (168) 



year, annus, -I, M. (32) 

yesterday, hcru adv. 

you, (sing.) tu; (plur.) vos. 

(287) 
your, (=thy) tuus, -a, -um. 

(293) 
(=your) , vester, -tra,-trum. 

(295) 
youth, adulescens, -entis, M 
(168) 



INDEX. 



(Numbers Refer to Secti< 



a. indefinite article, 21. 

a ab with ablative of agent, 78.23. 

a-declension of nouns, 14, 15, 16, 17 

61. 
a- verb, 70. 
ablative case, 13. 

accompaniment, 78:28. 

absolute, 388. 

after a comparative, 78:24. 

agent, 78:23. 

cause, 78:27. 

degree of difference, 78:29. 

instrument, 78:26. 

manner, 78:25. 

means, 78:26 

place where, 78:32. 

place from which, 78:22. 23. 

separation, 78:22. 

specification, 78:30. 

time when, 78:31. 

used with utor, fruor, etc., 78:37. 
ablative absolute, 388, 389 
absum, takes ab with abl., 377- 
-abus (dat. and abl. of first declen.), 

Pg. 8, foot-note. 
accent, 10. 

words having an enclitic, 10:4. 
accusative case, 13. 

cognate, 78:18. 

extent of time or space, 78:21. 

in indirect discourse, 363 rule. 

object of a verb, 78:17. 

place to which, 78:33. 

predicate, 78:19. 

subject of an infinitive, 78:20. 
acer, declension, 178. 

comparison. 270. 

adjectives like deer. 1.84. 



active periphrastic conj., y^, 400, 401 
adjectives, agreement with noun 
78:34. 
comparison, English Pg, 11. Latin. 

Pg- U4- 
declension, first and second, 52. 55, 

58. 
declension, third, Pg. 90. 
declension of comparatives -?7j 
definition, Pg. 2. 

interrogative adjectives, (j>. j.-s 
irregular, 261, 262. 
irregular comparison, 272. 
one, two and three terminat: 

179. 181, 183. 
possessive adjectives. 292. 203. 294 
distinction between suns and 
6 jus, 294. 
stems, i, 185. 

consonant. 185. 
mixed. 185. 
with dative. 78:14. 
adverbs, comparison, English Pg. IV 
Latin, 282. 
definition. Pg. IV 
formation, 278. 

in e, 280; iter. 281 : 6. 271,1; tan. 
aestas, declension, 139. 
agent, d or ab with abl.. 78:2 ; 
with the gerundive. 78:11. 
ager. declension. 143. 
agreement, of adjectives. 78:34 
appositives, 78:2. 
predicate nouns. 78:3. 
relative pronouns. 78:3ft. 
aliquis, 325. 
alius, declension, m?. 
alphabet, 1 . 
alter, declension. 204 
amans, declension. 184. 



2S9 



290 



INPEX 

n , ., ■ ,,. 



amd, conjugation, 79. 
antepenult, definition, 10. 

when accented, 10. 
appeals, 443. 
apposition, 78:2 

ar-nouns of third declension, 168. 
ari£s, declension, 139. 
article, none in Latin, 21. 
artus, dat. and abl. plur. -ubus, 229. 
as-nouns of third declension, 141. 
audax, adjectives like, 184. 

comparison, 269. 

declension, 182. 
audid, conjugation, 211. 

B 
base, 16. 

bellum, declension, 33. 
bonus, comparison, 272. 

-declension, 52. 
b&s, declension, 138:3. 



calcar, declension, 166. 

canis, genitive plural um, 130. 

capid, conjugation, 342. 

caput, declension, 148. 

cardinals, declension, 336, 33&< 330. 

definition, 335 

indeclinable, 337- 

table of, 335. 
case of rel. pronouns, 78:36- 
case endings, first declension, 17. 

second declension, 32, 33, 42, 43. 

third declension, 126. 

fourth declension, 237, 228. 

fifth declension, 236. 
cases, names of Latin, 13. 

meanings, 17. 
causal clauses, with cum, 436. 
cause, ablative, 78:27. 
characteristic vowels of the four con- 
jugations. Pg. 40, 41. 
classes of nouns (third declen.), 127- 
clause, definition, Pg. V. 

purpose, 426. 

result, 426. 

relative of purpose, 426. 

cum (when, because, although), 436. 
cohors, declension. 166. --: 



comparative, declension, 273. 

plus, declension, Pg. 135. 

with ablative, 78:24. 

without quam, 78:24. 
comparison of adjectives, Pg. 134. 

English, Pg. II, Latin, 368. 

irregular, 272. 

six adjectives in -lis, 271. 

adverbs, 269. 
complement of verb, 362:3. 
compound verbs with dative, 78.12. 
conditional sentences, 448. 

simple conditions, 448a. 

doubtful conditions, 448b. 

contrary to fact, 448c, d. 
conjugation, definition, Pg. V. 
conjunction, definition, Pg. V. 
consonant stems, 134. 135. 136. 
consonants, 5. 

pronunciation, 6. 
contraction of genitive of nouns in 

-turn and -ius, Pg. 14 foot-note. 
consul, declension, 166. 
cornfl, declension, 228. 
corpus, declension, 148. 
cum, preposition with ablative, 72. 

with pronouns, 289. 
cum, conjunction with subj., 436. 

causal, concession, temporal, 436. 

D 
dative case, 13. 

agent, 78:11. 

indirect object, 78:9- 

possessor, 78:10. 

servite, 78:13. 

with adjectives, 78:14. 

with compound verbs, 78:12. 

with verbs meaning to benefit, to 
please, to believe, etc., 78:16. 
declension, definition, Pg. V. 

first, 17. 

second, 32, 33. 

third, 139. 148, 157. 166. 

fourth, 227, 228. 

fifth, 236. 
degree of difference, ablative, 78:20- 
demonstrative adjectives, 305, 310, 

311. 312- 

pronouns, 305, 310, 311, 3^.2. 

See also hie, iste, ilk, is; idem, ipse. 



INDEX 



291 



deponent verbs, conjugation, 326. 

list and principal parts, 327. 
descriptive genitive, 78:6. 
difis, declension, 236. 

gender, 335. 
diphthongs, 5. 

pronunciation, 5, b. 

quantity, 7. 
direct statements, 363. 
dives, declension, 185. 
do-nouns of third declension, 159. 
domi, locative, 78:33. 
dom6, place from which, 78:33. 230. 
domum, place to which, 78:33. 230. 
domus, declension, 230. 

gender, Pg. 116, foot-note. 

use, 78:33- 
duo, declension, 336. 
dux, declension, 157. 



e-nouns of third declension, 168. 
e-stems, nouns, 234. . 
8-verbs, conjugation, 99. 

list and principal parts, 100. 
e-verbs, conjugation, 190. 

list and principal parts, 191. 
ego, declension, 287. 

used only for emphasis, 288. 
ejus, compared with suus, 294. 
en-nouns of third declension, 150. 
enclitics, Pg. 4 foot-note. 
endings, see case-endings. 
e6, conjugation, 355. 

compounds, 359, 359a. 
er-nouns of second declension , 42, 43. 

e (dropped or retained) , 44 
er-nouns of third declension, 168. 
es-nouns of third declension, 141. 
ex-nouns of third declension, 159. 
extent of time or space, 78:21. 



fearing, verbs of, 431 

feminine nouns, fourth declension, 

Pg. 116, foot-note. 
fer6, conjugation, 346. 

compounds, 349. 

list, and principal parts, 340. 



Alia, dative and abl. plur.. Pr. 8, foot- 
note. 

flo, conjugation, 356. 

fourth-declension nouns, fern., Pg. 1 iO. 
foot-note. 

fruor, with ablative, 78:37. 

fungor, with ablative, 78:37. 

future active participle, used in the 
active periphrastic conjugation, 
399- 



gaudeo, conjugation, 329. 
gender, English and Latin, Pg. I. 

general rules for, 12. 

first declension, 15; exceptions, 61. 

second declension, 31 ; exceptions, 
Pg. 12, foot-note. 

third declension, 123, 124. 125. 

fourth declension, 226. 

fifth declension, 235. 
genitive case, 13. 

limiting, 78:33- 

material, 78:6. 

partitive, 78:7. 

possession, 78:10 

source, 78:6. 

with verbs of remembering and for- 
getting, 78:7. 
gerund, use, 393. 

verbal noun, 392. 
gerundive, verbal adjective, 392. 

agent in the dative case, 78:11. 

agreement, 393. 

use, 393. 

used with ad to express purpose. 
Pg. 184, foot-note. 

used with sum to form, th« passive 
periphrastic conjugation, 401. 

with sum implies necessity, duty, 
obligation, 403. 
go-nouns of third declension, r ><) 

H 

hie, declension, 305. 

uses, 306, 313, 313 o- 
hiems, declension, 166. 
historical tenses, 424- 
hom6, declension, 138:17. 
hortor, conjugation, 326. 
hostis, declension. 139 



292 



INDEX 



i-Stems, nouns, 128, 129, 130. 
I- verbs, conjugation, ml 

list and principal parts, 212. 
idem, declension, 312, note. 
Idus, gender, Pg. 116, foot-note, 
iens, declension, see amans, 384. 
ille, declension, 311. 

uses, 3:3, 313:5- 
Impersonal use of verbs, 410. 
impersonal verb, definition, 407. 

list and principal parts, 408. 
in, with accusative and ablative, 73. 
indefinite adjectives and pronouns, 

325. 
indirect discourse, 363. 
indirect object, 78:9. 
indirect questions, 443. 
infinitive, definition, Pg. III. 

as subject, 362:1. 

as object, 362:2. 

complementary , 362:3. 

indirect discourse, 362:4. 

not used to express purpose. 363, 
note. 

takes subject accusative, 363 rule. 

tense3 (indirect discourse), 363 rule. 
inflection, definition, Pg. V. 

adjectives, 52, 55, 58, 178, iSo, 182. 

nouns, 17, 32, 33, 139, 148, 157, 166, 
227, 228, 236. 

verbs, 79, 99, 190, 211, 342. 
instrument, ablative, 78:26. 
insum, takes in with abl., 377. 
interjection, definition, Pg. V. 
interrogative adjectives, 323, 325. 

pronouns, 321, 325. 
intersum, takes inter with accu., 377. 
intransitive verbs, definition, Pg. III. 

take dative case, 410. 

used impersonally, 410. 
io-verbs, third conjugation, 242. 

list and principal parts, 243. 
ipse, declension, 303. 

compared with shI 304. 

for emphasis, 304. 
ir-nouns, third declension, 141. 
irregular adjectives, 361. 

comparison of adjectives, 372. 

comparison of adverbs, 283. 



verbs: — eo, 355; ferd, 346, fid, 356; 
possum, 372; prdsum, 373; volo, 
nolo, mala, 367. 
is, declension, 312. 

compared with hie and ilk, 313. 

use, 313:4- 

used in place of third personal, 287. 
is-nouns, third declension, 141. 
iste, declension, 310. 

use, 313. 
iter, declension, n8:iS. 



judeii declension, 157. 
Juppiter, declension, 138:19. 
jus, declension, 148. 
juvenis, gen. pur. um, 130. 

L 

1-nouns, third declension, 168. 
lapis, declension. 139. 
latus, declension, 148. 
laus, declension, 148. 
legio, declension, 157. 
levis, declension, 180. 

adjectives like levis, 184. 
locative case, 78:33. 
i loquor, conjugation, 326. 

M 

magnus, comparison, 272. 
! maid, conjugation, 367. 
; malus, comparison, 272. 

manner, cum with abl., 78:35. 
: rnanus, gender, Pg. 116, foot-note. 

mare, declension, 166. 
j masculine, rule of gender, 12:1 and 3. 

means, ablative case, 78-26. 

meus, declension, 29:3. 

miles, declension, 139. 

mllle, declension, 33^. 
use, 339. 

miser, declension, 55. 

miseret, rule, 409. 

mixed-stems. 131, 132, 133 

moneo, conjugation, 99. 

moods, defined, Pg. III. 

mds, declension, 148. 

mulier, declension, 166. 

multitudd, declension. 157. 

multus, comparison, 373 

mute followed by a liquid, 10, note. 



INDEX 



293 



H 

ne, after verbs of fear, 4jt. 

as negative in commands and ap- 
peals, 443. 

in negative clauses of purpose, 420. 
-ne, enclitic, Pg. 4, foot-note 
neuter, declension, 26,3. 
niger, declension, 58. 
ndl&, conjugation, 367. 
nomen, declension, 157. 
nominative case, 13. 

subject of finite ver'o, 78:1. 

predicate nominative, 78:3. 

expressed only for emphasis in 
pronouns, 288. 
nos, declension, 287. 
noster, declension, 295. 
nouns, definition, Pg. I. 

gender, 12. 

first declension. 14, 15. 16, 17, 61. 

second declension, 30, 31, 32. 33, 
42, 43, 44. 

third declension , 122. 

fourth declension, 226. 

fifth declension, 235. 

noun in predicate, 78:3. 

rules of gender, 12. 
ns-nouns, third declension, r6'8. 
nubes, declension, 130. 
nullus, declension, 262. 
number, sing, and plur., Pg. IV, also 

13- 
numerals, table of, 335. 



o-nouns, third declension. 159. 
o-stems, (o-declension), 30, 31, 32, 33, 

42, 43, 44- 
object, direct, 78:17. 

indirect, 78:g. 
or-nouns, third declension, 168. 
OratiS Recta, 363 

Obliqua, 363 
orator, declension, 166. 
order of words in a Latin sentence 

Pg. 6 

ordinals, definition, 335. 

table, 335- 

declension, 340. 
os-nouns, third declension. 150. 



paenitet, rule, 400. 
parts of speech , Pg. I . 
participles, agreement. 383. 

declension, 384. 

future with sum forming the peri- 
phrastic conjugation, 400. 

tenses, rel. to main verb, 383. 

time denoted by, 383. 
partitive genitive, 78:7. 
parvus, comparison, 272. 
passive voice, Pg IV. 

agent, a or ab with abl., 78:2.?. 
pater, declension, too. 
penult, 10. 

accentuation. 10 and note. 
perfect tense compared with the im 

perfect, Pg. 40, note. 
periphrastic conjugations, 300. 

synopsis, 400. 
person, first, second, third, defined, 

Pg. IV. 
personal pronouns, see pronouns. 
pes, declension, 139. 
phrase, defined, Pg. V. 
place, where, 78:32; whither. 78:33; 
whence, 78:22; with names of 
towns, 78:33- 
plus, declension, Pg. 135. 
portus, dat. and abl. in -ubus; 220. 
possessive adjectives, see adjectives, 
possessor, genitive. 78:5-. 

dative with sum, 78:10. 
possum, how formed, 372, foot-note. 

conjugation, 372. 
potior, conjugation, 376. 

takes the ablative, 87:37- 
predicate nominative, 7S:.;. 
prepositions, definition, Pg. V. 

with accusative, 71. 

with ablative, 72. 

with accusative or ablative, 73. 
principal parts of verbs, Pg. 40. 

list and principal parts, 80. iox 101, 
212 243. 
principal tenses, 42; 
pronouns, definition, Pg. II. 

kinds, Pg. II. 

demonstrative, 305. 

indefinite. .125 



294 



INDEX 



intensive. 303. 
interrogative. 321. 
personal, 287. 
possessive, see adjectives, 
reflexive, 301, 302. 
relative, 317; agreement, 78:37. 
aliquis, 325. 
ego, nos, 287. 
hie, 305. 
idem, 312, note. 
ille, 311. 
ipse, 303. 
is, 312. 
iste, 310. 
qui, 317. 
quidam, 325. 
qui vis, 335- 
quis, 331. 
quisquam, 325. 
quisque, 325. 
sul, 301. 
tu, vos, 287. 
pronunciation, Roman method. 6. 
pr6sum. how formed, 373, foot-note. 

conjugation, 373- 
pudet, rule, 409. 
puer, declension, 42. 
pugna, declension, 42. 
pulvis, declension, 139. 
purpose clauses, ut and ne with the 
subjunctive, 426 
ad with the gerund or gerundive, 

Pg. 184, foot-note, 
dative of service, 78:13. 
relative pronoun with subj., 426. 
supine in -urn, 417- 
not translated by the infinitive, 
363, note. 

Q 
quam, after a comparative, 78:24. 
quantity, of vowels and diphthongs, 7. 
-que, enclitic, Pg. 4, foot-note. 
questions, indirect, 443. 
qui, declension. 317. See also Pg. 190, 

foot-note. 
quidam, 325. 
quis, declension, 321. 

after ni or si, Pg. 196. foot-note. 
quisquam, 3*5, 
qufoque, 325. 
guf*f*. 395. 



R 

reflexive pronouns, see pronouns. 

reg6. conjugation, 190. 

relative pronouns, 317. 
m clauses of purpose, 426. 

result, ut or ut ndn with the subjunc- 
tive, 426. 

rex, declension, 157. 

Roman method of pronunciation, 0. 

rs-nouns, third declension, 168. 

riiri, locative 78:33. 

rus, omits the preposition, 78:33. 



s-nouns, third declension. jOS. 
sacredos, declension. 148. 
s§, compared with ipse, 304. 
semi-deponent verbs, 328, 320. 
senatus, declension, 227. 
senex, declension, 138:34. 
separation use ablative, 78:2 2. 
sequence of tenses, 424. 
sequor, principal parts, 327:23. 
sermo, declension, 157. 
service, dative of, 78:13. 
servus, declension, 32. 
solus, declension, 262. 
space, extent of, 78:21. 
specification, ablative, 78:30. 
stem, first-declension nouns, 14. 

second-declension nouns, 30. 

third-declension nouns 127, 12;; 

131. 134- 

fourth-declension nouns. 225. 

fifth-declension nouns, 234. 

r-stems, 127. 

mixed, 127. 

consonant, 127. 

adjectives, third declension. 185. 
subject, agrees with verb, 78:35. 

of a finite verb, 78 1 . 

of an infinitive, 78:20. 
subjunctive mood, 425. 

after verbs of doubt, 431. 

after verbs of fearing ,4.31. 

appeals, 443. 

commands, 443. 

conditions, 448. 

cum causal, concessive, temporal: 



INDEX 



295 



hortatory, 44.1. 

how translated, 423. 

indirect questions, 44^. 

purpose, 426. 

relative clauses of purpose, 420. 

result, 426. 

sequence of tenses-, 424, 
sul, declension, 301. 

compared with ipse, 304. 
sum, conjugation, 65. 

list of compounds, 376. 

compounds take dative, 377. 
supine, definition, 415 

in -it, 41S. 

in -«m, 417. 

not declined ,416. 
suus, declined, 293. 

compared with ejus, 20-1. 
syllables, number of, q. 

division of, 9. 

compound words, 10. 

names, 10. 

when long, 10, note. 



taedet, rule, 409. 

temporal clauses, cum w. subjv., 4.;f>. 
tense, explained, Pg. III. 
tenses, difference between imperfect 
and perfect, Pg. 40, note. 

infinitive in indirect discourse, ^6.5, 
rule. 

present system, Pg. 4 1 . 

perfect system, Pg. 41. 

primary, 424. 

secondary, 424. 

sequence, 424. 

sign of imperfect, Pg. 4'- 

sign of future, Pg. 41 . 
terminations, first declension, 17. 

second declension, 32, 33. 

third declension, 126. 

fourth declension, 227, 22R. 

fifth declension, 236. 
the, (definite article) , omitted, 21. 
third declension, changes to genitive 

ease, 137. 

classes of nouns, 127. 
time, when or within which, 78:31. 

extent, 78.21. 



totus, declension, 20*. 
towns, rule, 78-33. 
transitive verb, Pg. 11 L. 
tres, declension, 336. 
tu, declension, 287. 
tueor, conjugation, > .">. 
tuus declension, 293. 

U 

u-stems, 225. 

-ubus, dat. and abl. plur , 220.. 
ullus, declension, 262. 
ultima, defined. 10. 
unus, declension, 262. 
ur-nouns, third declension. 168 
us-nouns, third declension, 150. 
ut-nouns, third declension, 150. 
ut, conjunction : 

after verbs of fearing, 4.31. 

purpose, 426. 

result, 426. 
uter, declension, 2 04. 
uterque, declension, 2O4. 
utor, principal parts, 327 .25. 

takes the abl., 78:37. 



verbs, definition, Pg. II. 
kinds, Pg. II, III. 
agree with subject, 78:3.=;. 
conjugations, Pg. 40 
first conjugation, 79 — list of verbs, 

80. 
second conjugation, 99. list of 

verbs, 100. 
third conjugation, 100. list oi 

verbs, tgi. 
third (io) conjugation, 242. list 

of verbs, 243. 
fourth conjugation, 211. list ol 

verbs, 212. 
deponent, 320, -list. $27. 
forgetting, 78:7- 

impersonal, 407, 410. list, yo&. 
irregular see ed. fI6, etc. 
object, 7S:i". 
periphrastic conjugations, 399, 400. 

401. 
personal endings, Pg. 41. 



296 



INDEX 



principal parts. Pg/40. 


virtus, declension, 148. 




also sections 80 , 100, 191, 212, 


vis, declension. 138:39. 




243- 


vocative case, 13. 




remembering, take genitive, 78:7, 


use, 78:4. 




semi-deponent, 328. 


Ms-nouns, second declension, 32. . 


subject, 78:1. 


voices, defined, Pg. IV. 




vescor, takes the ablative case, 78:37. 


volo, conjugation, 367. 




vester, declension, 295 


v6s, declension, 28.7. 




vetus, declension, 185. 


vowels, 2 ; 




comparison, 272. 


pronunciation-, 6. 




virgo, declension, 157. 


quantity, 7; short, 2. 3, 


; long, .2, .3. 



OCT 20 1903 



